1/25/15%1%Eukaryotes Eukarya Archaea Bacteria Eukaryo-c%life%cycles%• Alterna-on%between%sexual%or%asexual%• Alterna-on%between%a%haploid%and%a%diploid%phase%1/25/15%2%Advantage of Sexual Reproduction • New combinations of alleles • Can produce new genotypes • Produces variation with new allele combinations • Clears deleterious mutations Nonrecombinant Nonrecombinant Recombinant Vesicles%transport%materials%!%allows%for%larger%cells%than%prokaryo-c%cells%Cytoskeleton Nuclear membrane Nucleus Mitochondrion Cell membrane Eukaryotic cells Energy metabolism occurs in mitochondria & chloroplasts1/25/15%3%Bacteria that gave rise to mitochondria Bacteria that gave rise to chloroplasts Other eukaryotes Plants Fungi Animals EUKARYA Euryarchaeota Crenarchaeota ARCHAEA Proteobacteria Cyanobacteria Other bacteria BACTERIA Common%ancestral%community%of%primi-ve%cells%Single-celled eukaryotic heterotrophs Can engulf food particulates via phagocytosis Amoeba (protist) consuming a yeast cell (fungus)1/25/15%4%Mitochondria • Approx. same size as proteobacteria • Replicate via fission • Have their own genomes • Genomes are circular • Have double membranes Origins of Eukaryotic cells membrane bound organelles1/25/15%5%Animals Choanoflagellates Fungi Dictyostelid slime molds Plasmodial slime molds Archamoebae Flabellinea Tubulinea Glaucocystophytes Red algae Green algae (land plants) Diatoms Brown algae Oomycetes Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Cercozoans Foraminifera Radiolaria Cryptophytes Haptophytes Centrohelid heliozoans Euglenids Trypanosomes Diplomonads Parabasalids Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Archaeplastids Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Excavates Eukaryotic tree of life 7 superkingdoms All contain protists Green%=%Photosynthe-c%What%is%a%pro-st?%%Eukaryo-c,%but%not%animal,%plant,%or%fungi%!%Paraphyle-c%group%Photosynthe-c%pro-sts%=%algae%Heterotrophic%pro-st%=%protozoans%must know superkingdomsmore “animal” like1/25/15%6%Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Archaeplastids Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Excavates Most diverse groups Groups with complex multicellularity Animals Choanoflagellates Ministerids Ichthyosporids Nucleariids Microsporidians Fungi Opisthokonta Choanoflagellates Opisthokonta • Marine%&%Freshwater%• Prey%on%bacteria%• Pro-st%that%is%most%closely%related%to%animals%heterotrophic; predators; know the shape1/25/15%7%Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Archaeplastids Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Excavates Use pseudopodia to move & feed Entamoeba histolytica, the infectious agent in amoebic dysentery Amoebozoans Plasmodial Slime Molds Cellular Slime Molds Amoebozoans Coenocytic: One cell w/ multiple nuclei Feed%on%soil%bacteria%%Starva-on!%cells%aggregate%&%move%fluid modifies shapedivision of nucleus occurs, but cell wall doesntunicellular, except for lack of food1/25/15%8%Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Archaeplastids Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Excavates Most diverse groups Groups with complex multicellularity Groups containing photosynthetic organisms Glaucocystophytes Red algae Chlorophytes Flagellated unicells Streptophyte algae Land plants Green algae Viridoplantae Archaeplastida Red%algae%Archaeplastida Coralline red algae have calcium carbonate walls contain chlorophyll Ahave red pigments1/25/15%9%Diversity of Green Algae Sea lettuce Ulva spp. Halimeda spp. Calcium carbonate !Tropical sand Archaeplastida Hairy flagellum Smooth flagellum Stramenopiles Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Archaeplastids Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Excavates • Brown%Algae%• Diatoms%• Water%molds%have cells that are hairy and smooth1/25/15%10%Brown algae Stramenopiles Kelp Stramenopiles Diatoms Ecologically important: >10,000 known species Freshwater & Saltwater 25% of photosynthesis on earth (more than tropical rainforests) Hard%parts%leave%a%fossil%record%in%sediments%Silica cell walls1/25/15%11%Stramenopiles Water%molds%Responsible%for%the%%Irish%Potato%Famine%Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Archaeplastids Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Excavates Alveolata Ciliates%Apicomplexans%Plasmodium*sp.%%=%malaria%parasite%Paramecium%1/25/15%12%Alveolata Dinoflagellates%Cellulose%%walls%bioluminescence%Harmful%Algal%Blooms%%(“red%-des”)%Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Archaeplastids Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Excavates Rhizaria%Foraminifera%Radiolaria%=%Shells%with%holes%!%Shelled%Amoebae%!%fossil%record%Calcium%carbonate%shells%%Silica%shells%2 smooth1/25/15%13%Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Archaeplastids Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Excavates Excavata%Euglenids%Free]living,%Parasi-c,%or%Symbio-c%Giardia%sp.%Animals Choanoflagellates Fungi Dictyostelid slime molds Plasmodial slime molds Archamoebae Flabellinea Tubulinea Glaucocystophytes Red algae Green algae (land plants) Diatoms Brown algae Oomycetes Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Cercozoans Foraminifera Radiolaria Cryptophytes Haptophytes Centrohelid heliozoans Euglenids Trypanosomes Diplomonads Parabasalids Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Archaeplastids Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Excavates Eukaryotic tree of life = 7 Superkingdoms Photosynthe-c%Eukaryotes%%Chloroplasts%evolved%from%cyanobacteria%living%as%endosymbionts%with%eukaryo-c%cells%%1/25/15%14%Chloroplasts Origin of Chloroplasts Cyanobacteria Red algae chloroplast Plant chloroplast Symbiosis%%Chloroplasts%evolved%from%cyanobacteria%living%as%endosymbionts%with%eukaryo-c%cells%1/25/15%15%Nucleus of primary eukaryotic host cell Mitochondrion Cyanobacterium Chloroplast derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacterium Photosynthetic eukaryote (Green alga) Phagocytic eukaryote Primary endosymbiosis Nucleus of second (Rhizarian) eukaryotic host cell Nucleomorph (vestigial nucleus of eukaryotic endosymbiont) Second phagocytic eukaryote (Rhizarian) Secondary endosymbiosis Chlorarachniophyte Primary & Secondary Endosymbiosis 1. Photosynthetic protist is engulfed. 2. Nucleus from photosynthetic protist is lost. 3. Organelle has four membranes. Cell membrane Nucleus Chloroplast 1 2 3 4 Predatory protist Photosynthetic protist Red algae Green algae Euglenids Chlorarachniophytes Dinoflagellates Diatoms Brown algae Parabasalids Diplomonads Kinetoplastids Glaucophyte algae Land plants Foraminiferans Ciliates Apicomplexans Water molds RHIZARIA EXCAVATA OPISTHOKONTA AMOEBOZOA EUKARYOTES PLANTAE ALVEOLATA STRAMENOPILA Primary (initial) endosymbiosis: Occurred here Secondary endosymbiosis: Red