3/9/15&1&Threats&to&Biodiversity:&HIPPO&• Habitat&altera;on&• Invasive&species&• Pollu;on&• Popula;on&growth&(humans)&• OverEexploita;on&Threats&to&Ecosystem&Stability&Habitat&Damage&&&Habitat&Destruc;on&&&&&&&!&threat&to&biodiversity&Habitat&Fragmenta;on&Habitat)Loss)Tropical&Rain&Forest&& &16&million&km2&!&9&million&km2&Prairie&(US)&!&lost&97%&Wetlands&(US)&!&lost&50%&Coastal&wetlands&in&California&!&lost&75E90%&3/9/15&2&Habitat&Altera;on:&Forests&Under&Threat&Habitat&Transforma;on&!&Agricultural&Land&3/9/15&3&Edge&Effects&Tropical&Rain&Forest&• Canopy&=&no&wind,&dark,&humid&How&is&habitat&on&the&edge&different?&• More&wind&&&light,&drier&!&New&ecosystem&of&underbrush&=&reduc;on&in&habitat&3/9/15&4&Wildlife&corridors&Connec;ons&between&habitat&fragments&Threats&to&Biodiversity:&HIPPO&• Habitat&altera;on&• Invasive&species&• Pollu;on&• Popula;on&growth&(humans)&• OverEexploita;on&3/9/15&5&Invasive&Species&Species&are&introduced&to&new&areas&via:&&– Natural&coloniza;on&&– HumanEtransported&• Agriculture&• Hun;ng&• Species&control&• Erosion&control&• Aesthe;cs&&• Accidents&&Compete&with&na;ves&No&predators/disease&May&push&na;ves&to&ex;nc;on&!&Invasive&Species&European&Starling&&&1890:&&Introduced&to&Central&Park,&NY&Most&abundant&bird&in&North&America&3/9/15&6&Lion&Fish&Introduc;ons&via&Ballast&Water&240+&invasive&species&in&San&Francisco&Bay&due&to&ballast&water&Pick&up&water&!&Travel&!&Release&water&Solu;ons?&• Exchange&at&sea&• UV&treatment&• Chlorine&or&ozone&3/9/15&7&Mnemiopsis)leidyi&Ctenophores&in&the&Black&Sea&Introduc;ons&via&Ballast&Water&Beroe)orvata&2nd&invasion:&1st&invasion:&Decline&in&anchovy&catch&Zebra&mussels&in&the&Great&Lakes&3/9/15&8&Threats&to&Biodiversity:&HIPPO&• Habitat&altera;on&• Invasive&species&• Pollu;on&• Popula;on&growth&(humans)&• OverEexploita;on&Pollu;on&Soil,&Water,&and&Atmosphere&3/9/15&9&Pollu;on&Marine&Debris&• Plas;cs&• Derelict&fishing&gear&Pacific&islands&Los)Angeles)Pollu;on&Nutrients&(Nitrogen&&&Phosphorus)&&!&Eutrophica8on:&increased&organic&biomass&As&biomass&decomposes,&oxygen&is&consumed&!&dead&zones&3/9/15&10&Threats&to&Biodiversity:&HIPPO&• Habitat&altera;on&• Invasive&species&• Pollu;on&• Popula;on&growth&(humans)&• OverEexploita;on&Popula;on&Growth&At&the&root&of&many&environmental&problems…&Anthropocene)Period)3/9/15&11&Energy&Use&&&Ecological&Footprint&CO2&Issues&Climate&Change&&&Ocean&Acidifica;on&3/9/15&12&Greenhouse&Effect&Greenhouse&Gases&• Carbon&Dioxide&– Fossil&fuels&&&Deforesta;on&• Methane&– Agriculture&&&Permafrost&(new)&– 22x&more&absorp;on&than&CO2&• Nitrous&Oxide&– Industrial&sources&&&Nitrogen&cycle&– 300x&more&absorp;on&than&CO2&• Water&vapor&(clouds)&• Fluorinated&gases&(CFCs)&3/9/15&13&Carbon&Isotopes&Isotopes&of&carbon&provide&informa;on&about&the&source&of&CO2&Ra;o&of&CO2&isotopes&in&fossil&fuels&match&changes&in&atmospheric&CO2&Where&does&anthropogenic&carbon&go?&• Photoautotrophs&fix&CO2&to&organic&C&• CO2&in&Atmosphere&!&impacts&heat&reten;on&• CO2&in&Oceans&!&impacts&ocean&pH&&3/9/15&14&Weather&vs.&Climate&Weather:))combina;on&of&temp.,&humidity,&wind,&precip.,&and&other&atmospheric&condi;ons&occurring&at&a&specific&place&and&;me&&Climate:))long&term&average&pakern&of&weather&&(local,®ional,&or&global)&Evidence of Climate Change: Increased temperatures3/9/15&15&Intergovernmental&Panel&on&Climate&Change&(IPCC)&Global)temperature)projec8ons)based)on)CO2)emission)scenarios)Projected&change:&Precipita8on&&3/9/15&16&Drought)(plus)popula8on)growth))Thinning)&)decreased)sea)ice)!&Expansion&of&navigable&routes&in&the&Arc;c&Sea&Evidence of Climate Change:3/9/15&17&Decreased)snow)and)ice)cap)cover)Evidence of Climate Change: Snow&Cover&• Freshwater&storage&capacity&• Albedo&effect&(sun&reflec;on)&Glacial)Retreat)(mel8ng))Increases&sea&level&rise&Evidence of Climate Change:3/9/15&18&Sea)Level)Rise)! Thermal&expansion&! Glacier&melt&IPCC:&Global&Sea&Level&Rise&28)to)98cm)by&2100&Change))not)uniform)Evidence of Climate Change: How&will&plants&respond&to&global&warming?&ShiMs)in)Timing:)Mean&annual&temp&increase&correlates&with&mean&date&of&first&flower&&&&How)could)these)shiMs)affect)other)species)that)interact)with)these)plants?)3/9/15&19&ShiMs)in)Range)How&will&plants&respond&to&global&warming?&Coral&Bleaching&Loss&of&zooxanthellae&(symbio;c&algae)&in&response&to&thermal&stress&&!&Ecosystem&shins&3/9/15&20&Increased&CO2&concentra;ons&&! Lower&pH&(more&acidic)&&! Reduced&availability&of&Carbonate&ions&! Nega;ve&effect&on&organisms&with&calcium&carbonate&parts&• Pteropods&• Coccolithophores&• Corals&• Shellfish&! Larvae&especially&vulnerable&The&other&CO2&Issue…&)Ocean)Acidifica8on)Pteropods)(Sea&Bukerfly)&Fish&food&½&of&pink&salmon’s&diet&&Lower&pH&=&less&calcifica;on&3/9/15&21&Ocean&Acidifica;on&on&Coccolithophores&Higher&CO2=&less&calcifica;on&Coral)Reefs)&Calcium&carbonate&skeleton&&Lower&pH&=&less&calcifica;on&&&3/9/15&22&Threats&to&Biodiversity:&HIPPO&• Habitat&altera;on&• Invasive&species&• Pollu;on&• Popula;on&growth&(humans)&• OverEexploita;on&OverEexploita;on&Example:&The&future&of&fisheries&• Projected&collapse&in&50yrs&(Worm&2006&Science)&• Changes&in&fishing&technology&• ShortEterm&profit&vs.&longEterm&stability&• Investment&in&monitoring&&&management&of&fisheries&3/9/15&23&• Historically&overfished&– Regulated&in&1960s,&decline&slowed&– Technology&improved,&at&risk&again&– 1973&implemented&permit&system&&• WellEmanaged&now&– Limited&entry&permits&– Limit&fishing&to&only&a&few&days&on&each&fishery&– Hatcheries&release&juvenile&salmon&to&rivers&Alaska&Salmon&Fishery&~&80%&of&N.&American&wildEcaught&salmon&&Pacific&Salmon&Habitat&&Extends&900&miles&inland!&&3/9/15&24&Aquaculture&–&Farmed&fisheries&Protec;ons& & &&&
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