1/19/15%1%Cycling%Carbon%The%carbon%cycle%is%integral%to%the%biodiversity%of%life%throughout%the%biosphere.%All%living%organisms%contain%carbon%(organic%C)%Cycling%Carbon%Where%is%carbon?%• Nucleic%Acids%• Amino%Acids%• Proteins%• Carbohydrates%• Lipids%Nitrogen%(N)%8%%Phosphorus%(P)%3%%Sulfur%(S)%Potassium%(K)%Calcium%(Ca)%Sodium%(Na)%Chlorine%(Cl)%Magnesium%(Mg)%2%%Others%1%%Hydrogen%(H)%9%%Oxygen%(O)%30%%Carbon%(C)%47%%ProporPon%of%dry%mass%in%human%cells%1/19/15%2%Photosynthesis Respiration Photoautotrophs%produce%their%own%carbon%energy%source%(food)%using%sunlight%They%“fix”%carbon:%Inorganic%C%!%Organic%C%CO2%C2H12O2%Carbon%is%transferred%from%one%organism%to%another%in%a%food%chain%1/19/15%3%Wastes & Dead organisms Carbon%cycles%throughout%communi3es%via%food%webs%Producers%Secondary%Consumers%Primary%Consumers%TerPary%Consumers%Trophic%Levels:%%Pathways%of%flow%for%carbon%Arrows%=%direcPon%of%energy%flow%Energy%moves%UP%to%next%level%Decomposers%Carbon%&%%Nutrients%1/19/15%4%Trophic%Levels%=%Energy%transferred%UP%to%next%level%%What%do%the%laws%of%thermodynamics%predict?%%1st%Law:%%%Energy%is%conserved.%%Energy%is%neither%created%nor%destroyed.%%%Trophic%Levels%=%Energy%transferred%UP%to%next%level%%What%do%the%laws%of%thermodynamics%predict?%%2nd%Law:%%%There%is%a%spontaneous%tendency%towards%%increasing%disorder%(entropy).%%%%1/19/15%5%What%do%the%laws%of%thermodynamics%predict?%%%!%Energy%transfer%is%inefficient.%%!%Only%~10%%of%energy%moves%up%to%next%level.%Energy%Transfer%Primary%Producer%Primary%Consumer%Secondary%Consumer%TerPary%Consumer%10,000%Joules%1,000%Joules%100%Joules%10%Joules%10%%of%energy%transferred%90%%“lost”%Because%energy%is%lost%at%each%step%of%the%trophic%pyramid,%%biomass%present%at%one%level%is%only%10b15%%of%the%level%below.%%1/19/15%6%Phytoplankton 1000 1 2 3 4 Herbivorous zooplankton Carnivorous zooplankton Herring 3.4 22.5 150 Organism Trophic levels Available energy units Phytoplankton 1000 1 2 3 4 Herbivorous zooplankton Carnivorous zooplankton Herring 3.4 22.5 150 Organism Trophic levels Available energy units 5 Tuna 0.1 Coastal regions 15% efficiency Open ocean 10% efficiency Trophic%Efficiency%decreases%with%more%trophic%levels%Carbon%moves%between%reservoirs%Carbon%cycles%%throughout%the%biosphere%Flux%%Ocean%Atmosphere%CQ- A, C,B1/19/15%7%Marine%biological%ac3vity:%Photosynthesis%and%respiraPon%nearly%balance%in%the%big%picture.%Atmospheric%reservoir%750%Terrestrial%vegeta3on%reservoir%540%–%610%Terrestrial%biological%ac3vity:%As%in%the%marine%realm,%photosynthesis%and%respiraPon%on%land%are%nearly%but%not%quite%in%balance.%Human%ac3vity:%Human%inputs%of%carbon%into%the%atmosphere%are%large%relaPve%to%the%net%atmospheric%exchange%associated%with%natural%biological%processes.%Terrestrial%photosynthesis%120%Terrestrial%respira3on%119%Fossil%fuels%5.5%Change%in%land%use%0.5%%%1.5%Organic%maRer%in%soils%reservoir%1600%Marine%sediments%and%sedimentary%rock%reservoir%66,000,000%–%100,000,000%Marine%organisms%reservoir%3%Surface%water%reservoir%1020%Deep%ocean%water%reservoir%38,000%–%40,000%Marine%photosynthesis%92%Marine%respira3on%90%• Carbon%source%to%the%atmosphere%(CO2%added):%– Biological%inputs%(i.e.,%respiraPon)%– Midbocean%ridges%&%Volcanoes%– Human%acPviPes%(i.e.,%deforestaPon,%burning%fossil%fuels)%%• Carbon%sink%from%the%atmosphere%(CO2%removed):%– Biological%(i.e.,%photosynthesis)%– Geologic%removal%(i.e.,%chemical%weathering%of%rocks)%Atmospheric%Carbon%1/19/15%8%Subduc3on%0.083%Organic%burial%0.07%Carbonate%precipita3on%0.22%Oceanic%crust%weathering%0.02%Silicate%weathering%0.14%Carbonate%weathering%0.29%Oxida3on%of%coal,%oil,%and%ancient%organic%maRer%0.05%Volcanism%0.083%CO2%in%atmosphere%produces%%acid%rain%(carbonic%acid)%%Weathering%of%rocks%removes%CO2%from%atmosphere%and%C%from%rocks%%!%deposits%C%in%oceans%(bicarbonate)%%%Organisms%use%bicarbonate%to%produce%calcium%carbonate%(CaCO3)%structures%!%shells%&%coral%skeletons%%%Weathering%of%rocks%=%Carbon%sink%Coral%skeletons%are%CaCO3%1/19/15%9%How%do%plate%tectonics%recycle%carbon?%SubducPon%moves%CaCO3%&%organic%carbon%to%the%mantle%(C%sink).%%Seafloor%spreading%&%volcanism%bring%carbon%up%from%the%mantle%(C%source).%%Ice%cores%provide%a%record%of%ancient%CO2%levels%How%do%we%measure%atmospheric%CO2%concentra3ons?%1/19/15%10%Mauna%Loa%Observatory%Hilo,%Hawaii%@%11,140k%elevaPon%%Photo:%NOAA%Photo:%NOAA%CO2%concentraPons%regularly%cycle%up%and%down%over%the%course%of%a%year.%Atmospheric%levels%of%CO2%show%a%steady%increase%over%the%last%50%years.%1/19/15%11%CO2%concentraPons%regularly%cycle%up%and%down%over%the%course%of%a%year.%Photosynthesis%%Summer%vs.%Winter%Today,%about%80%%of%annual%human%addiPons%of%CO2%are%due%to%burning%of%fossil%fuels.%CO2 Sources Fossil fuel burning Deforestation (tropics) Deforestation (outside the tropics) 1850 1900 1950 2000 Year Anthropogenic%CO2%Sources%DeforestaPon:%%Clearing%of%forests%primarily%for%agriculture.%%1/19/15%12%Carbon%Isotopes%Isotopes%of%carbon%provide%informaPon%about%the%source%of%CO2%About%50%%of%the%CO2%generated%by%human%acPviPes%ends%up%in%the%atmosphere.%CO2 Sinks Ocean Land Atmospheric CO2 1850 1900 1950 2000 Year Where%does%anthropogenic%CO2%go?%1/19/15%13%Interglacial Glacial • Cold%glacial%periods%correlate%w/%minimum%atmospheric%CO2%levels%• Warm%interglacial%periods%correlate%w/%maximum%atmospheric%CO2%levels%Temperatures%&%CO2%levels%have%followed%a%similar%pamern.%Last%Ice%Age%BACTERIA EUKARYOTES ARCHAEA Bacteria%&%Archaea%CQ- D, B1/19/15%14%Flagellum Plasma membrane Cell wall Plasmid DNA Chromosomal DNA Cytoplasm Ribosome Prokaryotes%Prokaryotic cell organization Eukaryotic cell organization Eukarya Archaea Bacteria1/19/15%15%Time Permeable membrane Higher solute concentration Lower solute concentration Use%diffusion%to%acquire%gasses%&%nutrients%!%Limits%cell%size%High%SA%Low%Vol.%Small%cells%%=%Diversity%of%Bacteria%Streptococcus,%strings%of%spheroidal%bacteria%E. coli, bacterial rods Streptomyces,%helical%bacteria%that%produce%anPbioPcs%single cells