2/8/15&1&Fungi&Mushrooms,&Sac&Fungi,&Lichens,&Yeast,&Molds,&Rusts,&Etc.&Basic&Morphology&2/8/15&2&ComposiCon&of&Hyphae&&ChiCn&– Polysaccharide&that&gives&strength&to&cell&walls&– Structural&support&for&moving&through&dirt&– Resistance&to&cell&volume&changes&in&wet&environments&– Same&material&in&insect&exoskeletons&NutriCon&• Heterotrophic&• Extracellular&digesCon&– Secrete&enzymes&that&break&down&starch,&cellulose&and&lignin&into&simpler&compounds&– Absorb&compounds&directly&across&cell&walls&• SaprophyCc&fungi& & &&&&&&&&&&!&decompose&plant&material&&Image&of&Lae$porus*sulphureus&©&Bob&Zuberbuhler,&eol.org&&Velvet&Foot&Mushroom&&©&Katja&Schulz,&eol.org&in the cell wall2/8/15&3&Growth&• Fungi&“move”&via&growth&&&&&&&&&&&&&&! &extension&of&hyphae&only&at&the&Cps&&• Rapid&growth&when&food&source&is&encountered&• Mycelium&expansion&Fungi&&&&The&Carbon&Cycle&Fungi digest cellulose and lignin (from wood) to obtain sugars and other small organic compounds Release of CO2 from cellular respiration by plants, animals, fungi, and other organisms Fixation of CO2 by plants Plants Animals Fungi Live plants Dead plants2/8/15&4&Opisthokonts Amoebozoans Archaeplastids Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Excavates Most diverse groups Groups with complex multicellularity Animals Choanoflagellates Ministerids Ichthyosporids Nucleariids Microsporidians Fungi Fungi are in superkingdom Opisthokonta Fungal&Phylogeny&1. ChiCnous&walls&2. Hyphae&3. Regularly&placed&septa&(earlier&groups&were&coenocyCc)&4. Complex&mulCcellular&fruiCng&bodies&2/8/15&5&General&Fungal&Life&Cycle&Plasmogamy&–&two&cells&fuse&Karyogamy&–&two&nuclei&fuse&• MaCng&types&are&determined&by&a&maCng_type&gene&• Fungal&species&can&have&more&&&&than&2&maCng_type&alleles&&Fungi&have&MaCng&Types&&(not&male&or&female&gametes)&fuse cytoplasm, not yet nucleusproduce spores2/8/15&6&Fungal&groups&have&different&reproducCve&structures&Chytrids0 Zygomycetes0Basidiomycetes0Ascomycetes0Chytrids&• AquaCc&or&moist&environments&• Many&are&single&cells&• Most&are&decomposers&• Some&are&pathogenic&&Chytridiomycosis&–&Fungal&infecCon&&in&amphibians&2/8/15&7&Zygomycetes&• Growth&of&mycelium&• ProducCon&of&aerial&spores&Asexual&ReproducCon:&&Spore&Dispersal&2/8/15&8&Dikarya&98%&of&fungi&are&dikaryo7c0Ascomycetes&Basidiomycetes&DikaryoCc:&&&two&geneCcally&disCnct&haploid&nuclei&Sexual&ReproducCon:&&FruiCng&Bodies&&&Spore&Dispersal&2/8/15&9&Ascomycetes&Penicillium*spp.*• Ascomycete&• SaprophyCc&mold&• Important&in&cheese&producCon&Accidently&discovered&to&inhibit&growth&of&gram_posiCve&bacteria&&!&Penicillin&as&anCbioCc&in&late&1930s&2/8/15&10&Life&Cycle&of&Ascomycetes&–&sac&fungi&Basidiomycetes&Smuts&&&Rusts&FruiCng&bodies&can&induce&&pseudoflowers&2/8/15&11&Life&Cycle&of&Basidiomycetes&–&club&fungi&Fairy&Rings&2/8/15&12&Yeasts000000RepresentaCves&in&Ascomycetes&&&Basidiomycetes&&Yeast&with&budding&daughter&cells&&Eye&of&Science/Science&Source&Leavened&&Bread&&FermentaCon&!&Carbohydrates&into&CO2&&&alcohols&• Single_celled&• Divide&by&budding&• Plant&surfaces&• Animal&skin&&&gut&&&&&!&Yeast&infecCons&“True”&yeasts&~&90%&of&plants&live&in&close&associaCon&with&fungi00Symbiosis&=&“together_living&”&relaConship&&Mutualism&–&both&species&benefit&Commensalism&–&one&species&benefits&&&&&the&other&species&is&unaffected&Parasi7sm&–&one&species&benefits&&&&&& &&&the&other&species&is&harmed&2/8/15&13&Mutualism:&Plants&&&Fungi&Mycorrhizae&&!&Enhances&nutrient&uptake&&&&increases&plant&growth&~&450&mya&Plant&roots&&&&Mycorrhizal&fungi&Mutualism:&Plants&&&Fungi&2/8/15&14&Ectomycorrhizae&Basidiomycetes0Endomycorrhizae&(Arbuscular)&Glomeromycetes0This&fungal&group&cannot&live&independently&of&plant&partners&all of the glomeromycetes are