2/20/15&1&Deuterostomes&• Anus&develops&first&• Radial&cell&divisions&Echinoderms&–&“spiny?skins”&Sea&Stars,&Sea&Urchins,&Sea&Cucumbers,&Sand&dollars&MonophyleHc&group&&Defined&by&3&main&synapomorphies:&1. Radial&symmetry&in&adults&• Larvae&are&bilaterally&symmetric&&• Adults&have&pentaradial*symmetry***********************************(five?sided&radial&symmetry)&2. An&endoskeleton&of&calcium&carbonate&3. A&water&vascular&system&2/20/15&2&Echinoderms&Water&vascular&system*w/*tube*feet*• HydrostaHc&skeleton&• Movement&Feeding&by&predatory&sea&stars&– Use&tube&feet&&– Extrude&stomach&&– Secrete&digesHve&enzymes&&Defense&by&sea&cucumber&&!&Self&evisceraHon&&2/20/15&3&Chordates&1. Cephalochordates&2. Urochordates&3. Vertebrates&At&some&stage&in&their&life,&all&have:&1. Openings&into&the&throat&called&pharyngeal*gill*slits&&2. A&dorsal*hollow*nerve*cord*that&runs&the&length&of&the&body,&comprised&of&projecHons&from&neurons&3. A&sHff&and&supporHve&but&flexible&rod,&called&the&notochord,&that&runs&the&length&of&the&body&&4. A&muscular&post;anal*tail&Chordates&2/20/15&4&Cephalochordates&–&lancelets&or&amphioxus&• Small,&mobile&suspension&feeders&• Adults&burrow&in&sand,&&&&&&&&&ocean?bo\om&habitats&• Dorsal&hollow&nerve&cord&&&&&&&&runs&parallel&to&a&notochord&• Notochord&sHffens&the&body&• Muscle&contracHons&on&either&side&!&fishlike&movement&&Urochordates&–&tunicates&or&sea&squirts&• Both&larvae&and&adults&have&pharyngeal&gill&slits&– feeding&and&gas&exchange&• Notochord,&dorsal&hollow&nerve&cord,&and&tail&occur&only&in&the&larvae&or&in&sexually&mature&forms&of&moHle&species&&2/20/15&5&Tunicates&Vertebrate&Phylogeny&&the&Craniates&&• Cranium&&&Vertebral&column&• 2&pairs&of&appendages&• Bone&w/&calcium&phosphate&• Neural&crest&Hssue&(brain&case)&• Well&developed&circulatory&system&(with&heart)&2/20/15&6&Vertebrate&Characters&All&chordates&=&red&Unique&to&vertebrates&=&blue&Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Paleozoic Era Bony exoskeleton Jaws Bony endoskeleton Limbs capable of moving on land Amniotic egg Key&innovaHons&in&the&vertebrate&lineage&&1. & Bony&exoskeleton&2. & Jaws&3. & Bony&endoskeleton&4. & Limbs&capable&of&moving&on&land&5. & AmnioHc&egg&2/20/15&7&The&Vertebrate&Jaw&Natural&selecHon&acted&on&developmental&regulatory&genes&that&determine&gill*arch*morphology&The&leading&hypothesis&for&origin&of&jaw:&Gill*arches*–&curved&regions&of&Hssue&between&the&gills&Evidence:&• Jaws&and&gill&arches&have&similar&bony&or&carHlaginous&morphology&• Muscles&that&move&both&structures&have&the&same&embryonic&origin&• Both&structures&are&derived&from&neural&crest&cells&• Regulatory&gene&expression&pa\erns&are&similar&in&both&structures&&Vertebrate&Jaws&Diversity&in&feeding&methods&results&from&modificaHons&to&the&jaw&&Add&teeth&!&diet&specializaHon&2/20/15&8&Vertebrates&–&Hagfish&&&Lampreys&• Both&groups&have&brains&protected&by&a&cranium,&but&lack&jaws&• Hagfish&lack&any&sort&of&vertebral&column&• Lampreys&have&carHlage&along&the&dorsal&hollow&nerve&cord&• Both&groups&lack&appendages&Chondrichthyes&–&carHlaginous&fish&Sharks,*Skates,*and*Rays*2/20/15&9&Internal&ferHlizaHon&• Rays&and&some&sharks&are&viviparous&– Embryos&develop&insi de&the&female&&&are&a\ached&to&th e&mother&by&a&placenta&• Skates&and&some&sharks&are&oviparous*– Embryos&develop&in&an &egg&case&external&to&the&mother&ReproducHon&in&the&Chondrichthyes&Ostelchthyes&–&the&Bony&Fish&Ray;finned*fish*• Fins&supported&by&bony&rods&• Bony&skeleton&• SHff&but&flexible&body&covering&of&interlocking&scales&• Gas?filled&swim*bladder&provides&buoyancy&2/20/15&10&Ostelchthyes&–&the&Bony&Fish&Fleshy;finned*Fish coelocanths&lungfish&• Only&8&extant&species&&• Important&link&between&the&ray?finned&fishes&and&the&tetrapods&&Anadromous*species:**Spend&adult&life&in&ocean&but&swim&up&freshwater&streams&to&breed&– Adults&die&amer&breeding&once&– Examples:&Salmon,&some&lamprey&&Catadromous&species:&&Spend&adult&life&in&freshwater&streams&but&swim&to&the&ocean&to&breed&– Examples:&Freshwater&Eels&&&ReproducHon&in&the&Bony&Fish&2/20/15&11&Protogyny&!&sex&change&from&female&to&male&&&&&&*Protandry*!&sex&change&from&male&to&female&SequenHal&hermaphrodiHsm&!&TransiHon&to&Tetrapod&Vertebrates&2/20/15&12&HHMI&Video:&&The*Origin*of*Tetrapods*&&h\p://www.hhmi.org/biointeracHve/great?transiHons?origin?tetrapods&Water&to&Land&transiHon&&Need*for*support*–&musculature&and&skeletal&modificaHons&ReproducHve*issues*–&removal&of&need&for&water&(internal&ferHlizaHon&and&amnioHc&egg)&Changes*in*sensory*structures*–&hearing&&&sight&RespiraHon&–&lungs&for&air&breathing&OsmoregulaHon&–&kidneys&for&dealing&with&nitrogenous&wastes&&2/20/15&13&Amphibians&Amphibians&form&3&disHnct&clades:&1. Frogs&and&toads&2. Salamanders&3. Caecilians&(lack&limbs)&&Habitat&–&&ponds,&lakes,&or&moist&terrestrial&environments&&ReproducHon&–&&&• External&ferHlizaHon&• Oviparous&• Water&dependent&eggs&• Metamorphosis&Gas&Exchange&Organs&2/20/15&14&Water&to&Land&TransiHon:&External&vs.&Internal&FerHlizaHon&Water&to&Land&TransiHon:&The&Incredible&AmnioHc&Egg!&Albumen:&a&protein?rich&soluHon&&Cushions&the&developing&embryo&&&provides&nutrients&Yolk:*nourishes&developing&embryo&Egg?laying&animals&are&oviparous&2/20/15&15&Amniotes&&(Sauropsids&&&Mammals)&Sauropsids*(RepHles)&• Turtles&• Lizards&&&Snakes&• Crocodiles&&&Alligators&• Birds&2/20/15&16&Sauropsids&(RepHles)&AdaptaHons&for&terrestrial&life,&including&1. Skin&is&made&waterHght&by&a&layer&of&keraHnous&scales&2. Breathe&air&through&well?developed&lungs&3. Lay&amnioHc&eggs&enclosed&in&shells&Most&repHles&(expect&birds)&are&ectothermic:&&• Moderate&body&temperature&behaviorally&• do&not&use&internally&generated&heat&Aves&(Birds)&Fossil&record&!&&&Birds&descended&from&feathered&dinosaurs&&AdaptaHons&for&flight:&• Feathers&&– Provide&insulaHon&– Used&for&display&– Furnish&the&lim,&power,&and&steering&needed&for&flight&• Large&breast&muscles&used&to&flap&wings&• Lightweight&bodies&•