September 14, 2015LIFE102StackLarge Biological Molecules Cont.Lipids- Types:o Fatso Phospholipidso Sterols- Fats: made from glycerol and fatty acidso Can be 16-18 carbons longo Ester Linkage- acyl group (group double bonded with oxygen)- Saturated fats: all available bonds are with hydrogeno Tend to cause hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) Comes from eating animal fat*have long hydrophobic tails and strongly charged endSeptember 14, 2015LIFE102Stack- Unsaturated fat: one or more double bonds in carbon tailo Consists of cis and trans bondso Ie. Plant and fish oils Liquid because made up of cis unsaturated fats “healthy fats”o Ie Margarine Made of trans unsaturated fats Causes cardiovascular disease Worse than saturated fats- Fats are used to store energy in their chemical bonds- Fat is used for insulationo Ie. Whales- Phospholipids: made of glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphates*have long hydrophobic tails and strongly charged endSeptember 14, 2015LIFE102Stack- They are amphipathic*- Structural basis for all biological membranes- Steroidso Common in membranes Ie. Cholesterol (common in animal membranes)- Can cause atherosclerosiso Side groups change the behavior of steroids Ie. Estradiol vs. testosteroneProteins- Most complex molecules we know of- Polymers of amino acids*have long hydrophobic tails and strongly charged endSeptember 14, 2015LIFE102Stacko Living systems use L formo R= different amino acids- Nonpolar amino acids: (Non-charged) o Glycineo Valineo Isoleucineo Phenylalanineo Prolineo Alanineo Leucineo Methionineo Tryptophan- Polar amino acids: (can carry a partial charge)o Serineo Threonineo Cysteineo Tyrosineo Asparagineo Glutamine- Electrically chargedo Aspartic acid (acidic)o Glutamic acid (acidic)o Lysine (basic)o Arginine (basic)o Histidine (basic)*have long hydrophobic tails and strongly charged endSeptember 14, 2015LIFE102Stack- Peptide Bond o Forms polypeptide** (is a protein!)o Backbone- NCC NCC NCC- Hierarchy of protein structureo Primary structure- initial sequence of amino acids Numbering starts at amino endo Secondary structure- amino structures α helix β pleated sheet *have long hydrophobic tails and strongly charged endSeptember 14, 2015LIFE102Stacko Tertiary structure- “folded” structure Gives 3D view of protein Also called “globular protein”*have long hydrophobic tails and strongly charged