HD 3700 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 18 26 Lecture 18 April 9 Normal Anxiety and common ways of coping with it Normal anxiety o The role of anxiety in everyday life anxiety is a necessary part of everyday life o Anxiety as a motivator not much difference between anxiety and excitement heart beat increases o Anxiety as an inhibitor the mind is associative the speed range of associations can be constricted limited by anxiety boring people have a constricted range of associations o Anxiety and temperament you can categorize people by temperament some people have a depressive style some have a manic style some have an anxious style o Anxiety and early experience orphans children who were traumatized in early childhood tend to have high anxiety cortisol levels and the way that the brain organizes itself gets set up in early experience Defenses against anxiety o If something makes you anxious you will associate to it easily o Defenses are ways of distorting suppressing associations o Magical thinking obsessions compulsions perfectionism rumination dissociation drugs alcohol Three component model of anxiety o Potential stressors are perceived as threats leading to o Bodily effects upsetting thoughts and ineffective behavior which all contribute to and perpetuate anxiety OCD Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts impulses or images that are experienced as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or distress Compulsions are defined by repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsessions or according to rules that must be applied rigidly OCD as a movement disorder o The theory goes like this there is a pathway between the orbitofrontal cortex where your thoughts and feelings generate and the cingulum embedded in the cingulate gyrus which in turn activates the caudate nucleus which runs your automatic body movements With OCD this pathway is unmodulated so that thoughts can set off compulsive movements o and feelings aroused by the amygdala can also contribute to the system by setting off compulsive thoughts and fears Brain scans show that the pathways between thinking and action appear to be dismodulated in OCD patients Range of anxiety disorders Types of anxiety disorders o Phobias specific severe spiders and snakes most common o Generalized anxiety disorder the opposite of phobias general anxiety o Panic disorder panic attacks are specific events that happen to people body in arousal state as if you re in danger o Panic disorder with agoraphobia o Social anxiety disorder not shyness fear of social situations o OCD obsessive thoughts compulsive behaviors o Eating disorders bulimia anorexia o Body dysmorphic disorder o PTSD inherently human leaves the person dysfunctional afterwards GAD o GAD is much more than the normal anxiety people experience day to day It s chronic and exaggerated worry and tension even though nothing seems to provoke it Having this disorder means always anticipating disaster often worrying excessively about health money family or work Sometimes though the source of the worry is hard to pinpoint Simply the thought of getting through the day provokes anxiety Social phobia o Social phobia is an intense fear of becoming humiliated in social situations specifically of embarrassing yourself in front of other people It often runs in families and may be accompanied by depression or alcoholism Social phobia often begins around early adolescence or even younger Panic disorder o People with panic disorder have feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning They can t predict when an attack will occur and many develop intense anxiety between episodes worrying when and where the next one will strike In between times there is a persistent lingering worry that another attack could come any minute o When a panic attack strikes most likely your heart pounds and you may feel sweaty weak faint or dizzy Your hands may tingle or feel numb and you might feel flushed or chilled You may have chest pain or smothering sensations a sense of unreality or fear of impending doom or loss of control You may genuinely believe you re having a heart attack or stroke losing your mind or on the verge of death Hamlet and Horatio Hamlet is hypomanic he is going to provoke Claudius Hamlet is saying that he admires Horatio you are loyal and thoughtful Hamlet sees himself as someone who is a passionate slave and Horatio as someone who is balanced Anxiety is stirred up when someone says they love you because that implies a level of commitment Hamlet I trust you so much I need you to watch my uncle with me so that I don t mess up Lecture 19 April 14 PTSD Inherently human person faces severe stress and the stress leaves the person dysfunctional afterwards Common after WWI known as shell shock left soldiers impulsive depressed often selfmedicated with alcohol or opium because its if the trauma doesn t stop happening Post traumatic stress disorder PTSD is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened Traumatic events that may trigger PTSD include violent personal assaults natural or human caused disasters accidents or military combat Many people with PTSD repeatedly re experience the ordeal in the form of flashback episodes memories nightmares or frightening thoughts especially when they are exposed to events or objects reminiscent of the trauma Anniversaries of the event can also trigger symptoms People with PTSD also experience emotional numbness and sleep disturbances depression anxiety and irritability or outbursts of anger Feelings of intense guilt are also common Most people with PTSD try to avoid any reminders or thoughts of the ordeal PTSD is diagnosed when symptoms last more than 1 month Trauma and the self Predictive factors that make people more likely to get PTSD as a result of stress o If you had an earlier trauma o Coping style men in Vietnam seal over internalize don t talk about it There is a spectrum of traumatic impact from devastating events death assault to more subtle repetitions a subtle rejecting parent The mind responds to trauma through the narrowing of associations This narrowing can range from isolation of affect to compete forgetting To know and not know that is the evolutionary challenge Human beings great strength was remembering and communicating yet traumatic events are too