Final Exam Study GuideUrinary System1. For the kidney, understand the basic concepts of filtration, reabsorption and secretion.2. Locate the renal cortex and renal medulla. Then, list all parts of a uriniferous tubul. Know the structure of thecells of the proximal and distal tubules, as it relates to the function of these cells.3. What are the 3 layers of the filtration barrier (filtration membrane) in the renl corpuscle? What are the possible functions of each layer?4. Review all the arteries of the kidney. Then, tell the functions of the glomerous and peritubular capillaries.5. What layers of tissue form the walls of the baldder and the urters? Describe the structure and function of transitional epithelium.6. Review the section on urinary-tract infections from your textbook.Male Reproductive System1. Why do the fetal testes descend from the lumbar region to the scrotum? How does the pampiniform plexus of veins relate to the descent of the testes? Ductus deferens: what is the function of the thick layer of smooth muscle in the wall of this duct. What is a vasectomy?2. In the seminiferous tubules, review the stages of differentiation of the germ cells (spermatognia, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm). Then, list the locations and functions of sustenacular (Steroli) cells and interstitial (Leydig) cells. Review the blood-testes barrier.3. What is the function of the duct of the epididymis?4. What type of epithelium lines most ducts and glands of the male reproductive system? What are the secretory products of the seminal glands and the prostate?5. Study the glandular structure of the prostate, especially as it relates to prostate cancer. What is fibromuscular stroma?6. What is the mechanism of erection, as it relates to the erectile bodies in the penis (or clitoris)?Female Reproductive System1. Study homologues between male and female external genitalia.2. Review the basic structure of the ovary (cortex and medulla). Study the stages of maturation of ovarian maturation of ovarian follicles, the mechanisms of ovulation, and the function of the corpus luteum. 3. Uterine tubes and uterus. What structures in the wall of uterine tube act to move the ovum or embryo to the uterus? Name the layers of the uterus wall. What happens to the endometrium during each stage of the uterine cycle (proliferative, secretory, menstrual)?4. Name the layers of the wall of the vagina.5. Mammary gland: study the gland structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and underlying muscles as these relate to breast cancer. What are the suspensory ligaments of the breast?6. Placenta: layers of the placental villus (chorionic villus).Endocrine System1. What are the basic parts of the pituitary gland?2. List the hormones of the adenohypophysis and their functions.3. Explain how the hypothalamus signals adenohypophysis to secrete hormones. What are releasing hormones (releasing factors)? How does the hypophyseal portal system work?4. Review the neurohypophysis. Name its hormones and their actions. What cells secrete these hormones? Where are these hormones made and secreted?BIO 315 1st Edition5. Thyroid gland: Understand where its endocrine cells are located in relation to the follicles. What is the function of thyroid hormone? What is thyroglobulin? What is the function of the parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland?6. Parathyroid glands. Make sure you understand that the parathyroid glands are not the same as the thyroid gland. Make sure you understand that parathyroid cells are not the same as parafollicular cells of the thyroid.What is the function of parathyroid hormone?7. Adrenal cortex: memorize the three layers of the adrenal cortex, and name the hormones secreted by each layer. What are the functions of mineralocorticoid and gluticocorticoid hormones?8. How does the structure of a steroid-secreting cell differ from that of a protein-secreting
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