Biol_315 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture I. Introductiona. Levels of Structureb. ScaleII. Directional Termsa. Anatomical Positionb. Body PlanesIII. Studying Cells and Tissuesa. Preservationb. Sectioningc. StainingCurrent LectureI. IntroductionA. Levels of Structure1. Atoms and Moleculesi. Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Phosphorus 2. Macromoleculesi. Sugars ii. Fatsiii. Proteinsiv. Nucleic acids3. Cell Organelles4. Cells (over 200 types)5. Tissuesi. Epitheliumii. Connective tissueiii. Muscle iv. Nervous6. Organs7. Organ Systemsi. Skeletalii. Musculariii. Skiniv. Nervousv. Circulatoryvi. Immunevii. Digestiveviii. Respiratory ix. Urinary These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.x. Genital (reproductive)xi. Endocrine 8. Organism9. Micro Anatomy: Atoms/Molecules, Macromolecules, Cell organelles, cells and tissues 10. Gross Anatomy: Organs, Organ Systems and the Organism B. Scale1. 1 μm = 1 micrometer = 1/ 106 meter2. Cells range from 5-100μmII. Directional Terms of Orientation for Gross AnatomyA. Anatomical Position: the person is standing straight, with eyes, toes and palms forward, with legs together.3. Superior (Cranial): toward the head4. Inferior (Caudal): toward the feet5. Anterior: toward the front6. Posterior: towards the back7. Ventral: belly8. Dorsal: back9. Medial: Near the vertical midline 10. Lateral: farther away from the midline11. Proximal: closer to the base of the limb12. Distal: if it is closer to the end of a limb13. Superficial: closer to the external surface14. Deep: farther towards the coreC. Body Planes1. Transverse Plane: any horizontal plane cutting the body in cross-section2. Frontal/Coronal Plane: any vertical plane that extends from right to left 3. Sagittal Plane: made in the midline of the bodyIII. Studying cells and tissuesa. Preservation (fixation)i. Fixatives1. Phenol (harsh and does not preserve things at a cellular level), alcohol (leaves cells intact but the cell organelles are not well preserved)2. The Best Preservatives: glutaraldehyde, paraformaldehyde, and ossium tetroxide3. All fixatives introduce artifacts, only give an approximation of life and do not revearl the living tissue as it actually is b. Sectioning (after imbedding)c. Staining i. Do this because the tissue is translucent and its components can’t be distinguishedii. 2 classes of dyes1. Polycationic (basic) dyesa. Have many positive charges and attracted to biological molecules that have negative charges (RNA and DNA)2. Polyanianic (acidic) dyesa. Have many negative charges and attracted to organic molecules that have positive charges (proteins in tissue)3. Hematoxylin is a common basic dye, purple, nucleus of cell stains purple4. Eosin is a common acidic dye, pink, cytoplasm stains
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