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WSU BIOLOGY 315 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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BIO 315 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10-201. Understand both skin cancer and the neural –tube defects called anencephaly and spina bifida. (the textbook will help with this topic)2. Skin: know the layers of the skin (dermis and epidermis), including the five strata of the epidermis. Know the relative locations of these layers, their tissue types, and their functions. What is the hypodermis? What are the appendages of the skin?3. The neuron: review the parts of a neuron (cell body, owl’s-eye nucleus, Nissl substance, axon, dendrites, axon terminals). Be able to define axon and dendrite. Distinguish multipolar neurons from unipolar neurons.4. Review the three-neuron reflex arc, and know where the sensory and motor neurons arelocated relative to the dorsal and ventral roots, dorsal root ganglion, spinal nerve, and the rami. Next, define central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Then define gray matter and white matter in the CNS.5. Synapses: explain the parts of a synapse (presynaptic and postsynaptic elements, synaptic vesicles, synaptic vesicles, etc.). Review the following synapse types: axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, and axo-axonic.6. Neuroglia: know the shapes, locations, and functions of the four kinds of neuroglial cells: astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. What is myelin, whatare neurofibril nodes (nodes of Ranvier), and what are the differences between myelinated and unmyelinated axons?7. Learn to classify any kind of sensation or motor output by whether it is somatic or visceral, general or special, afferent or efferent.8. Define proprioception.9. Define and tell the difference between a nerve, neuron, nerve fiber, and tract.10. Know the derivatives of alar and basal plates. What types of neurons develop from neural crest? Why are most parts of the CNS structured with their white matter outside of their gray matte, and why do the cerebrum and cerebellum differ from this general arrangement by having a gray outside of white outside of gray (hint: this last point has to do with embryology)?11. Receptors for the general senses: tell the structure, function, and locations of unecncapsulated (naked) nerve endings, Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Golgi tendon organs, and muscle spindles. What are sensory dermatomes?12. What is a motor unit? What is a neuromuscular junction (motor end plate)?13. Work out the complete afferent pathways, from receptors to cerebral cortex, for the general somatic senses (skin senses and proprioception). Explain the concepts of somatotopy, crossing over, and multineuron pathways, as we discussed in the topic on sensory pathways.14. Brain regions: know the functions, the composition (gray or white matter), and the locations for the following parts of the brain:a. Telecephalon: cerebral cortex with its primary sensory areas, association areas for higher-order processing including the prefrontal cortex, and primary motorcortex with pyramidal neurons. Limbic lobe including amygdala and hippocampus. Basal nuclei (=basal ganglia).b. Diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus.c. Mesencephalon: superior and inferior colliculi, periaquedtal gray matter, substantia nigra, crus cerebri or the cerebral peduncles.d. Metencephalon: cerebellum, pons, pontine nuclei, nuclei of cranial nerves.e. Myelencephalon: olive and inferior olivary nucleus, nuclei of cranial nerves, pyramids. 15. Know the path of the pyramidal tract (which carries voluntary motor instructions from the cerebral cortex), and know the structures this tract forms on the central surface of the brain stem.16. What and where is the reticular formation, and what are its functions? What is the reticular activating system?17. How does functional neuroimaging (PET and functional MRI scans) reveal the functions of different parts of the brain in living patients? (This is explained at the end of chapter 1, and at the beginning of the brain chapter in the textbook)18. Cerebellum: learn the functions of the cerebellum and the three kinds of input to the cerebellum. Know the special two-way relationship between the cerebellum and the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex. What are the cerebellar peduncles?19. Cranial nerves: learn all of the functions of the 12 cranial nerves, the types of neurons each nerve contains (GSS, SSS, GVS, SVS, GVM, SVM, or GSM), and the parts of the head and body innervated by each cranial nerve. This is easy for the purely sensory nerves and purely motor nerves, so concentrate on the mixed concentrated on the mixed cranial nerves (5,7,9,10+11).20. Autonomic nervous system (ANS=general visceral motor system). What is meant by “two-neuron motor pathways” in the ANS? What is an autonomic ganglion? What are the basic functional differences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions? For the parasympathetic division, know which cranial and sacral nerves innervate each visceral organ, and trace the parasympathetic pathways to these organs.21. Cerebrospinal fluid: know that this is a fluid in and around the CNS, which floats and lightens the CNS so that the soft brain is not crushed under its own


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WSU BIOLOGY 315 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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