BIOLOGY 315 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Cardiovascular System1. Blood: Learn the functions, anatomical characteristics, and relative abundances of all types of blood cells.2. Blood vessels: a. Describe the 3 tunics in the wall of a blood vessel. b. Define artery and vein, and compare the structures of these two kinds of vessels. c. What are vasa vasorum? d. Describe the structure of a blood capillary. e. What is the difference between a continuous and a fenestrated capillary? f. List and explain four routes by which small molecules pass across capillary walls. g. What is the blood-brain barrier, and how does it work? h. What is diapedesis? i. Compare post capillary venules to capillaries in the structure and function. j. Compare sinusoids (sinusoidal capillaries) to other capillaries.3. Bone-marrow and blood-cell formation:a. Describe the microscopic structure of bone marrow. b. What are pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells? c. What are megakaryocytes?4. Be ableto trace the flow of blood through the four chambers of the heart, and around the systemic and pulmonary circuits. Tell how the different heart chambers are involved in pumping and receiving this blood.5. What is the hepatic portal system, and why does the gut need such a special system? What is the difference between the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic vein?6. Heart development: locate the following embryonic heart chambers, and tell what each becomes in the adult heart: sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbous cordis. What is an interventricular septal defect?7. Learn the surface anatomy of the heart in relation to the rib cage. Know the names and functions of the 4 heart valves, and where to listen for the sound of each valve on the chest wall. Explain the “lub-dup” sounds of the heartbeat (this section is in the textbook). 8. What is the function of the conducting system of the heart? Is it nerves or muscle? Review and make a flow diagram of the conducting system. What is the cardiac nerve plexus?9. Blood supply of the heart. What is the function of the coronary arteries and the cardiac veins? What is the cause of heart attacks?10. Describe the three layers of the heart wall: endocardium, myocardium, epicardium.11. Fetal circulation. a. Review circulation in the fetus.b. Describe the blood supply to the placenta, and the 2 shunts away from the pulmonary circuit. That is, understand the locations and functions of the umbilical arteries, umbilical vein, ductus venosus, foramen ovale of the heart, and the ductus arteriosus.Lymphatic, Immune, Digestive, and Respiratory Systems1. Lymphatic system. a. Define the lymphatic system. b. What is lymph, and where does it come from? c. List and explain four functions of the lymphatic system. d. What is edema, and how can it result from blockage or removal of lymph vessels? e. What is elephantiasis?f. Describe the structure of lymph capillaries, and tell what makes these capillaries so leaky. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.g. Why does the central nervous system lack lymph vessels? h. How do lymphatic collecting vessels differ in structure from veins and arteries? i. Why do these lymph vessels have so many valves? j. What forces propel lymph through the lymph vessels? k. Why do infections and cancer cells tend to spread through the lymph vessels?l. How do lymph nodes remove infectious microorganisms from the lymph stream?m. Know the basic structure of a lymph node. n. When a person is suspected of having cancer, why does the physician feel the nearby lymph nodes? o. What is a bubo? p. Name and located the main groups of lymph nodes and also trace the lymph trunks. q. Trace the course of the thoracic duct from start to end. r. Which 3 lymph trunks can empty into the thoracic duct in the neck? Into the right lymph duct?2. Immune System (Part 1). a. What is the main cell type of the immune system? b. Define antigen. c. Explain the functional differences between B cells and T cells. d. How do plasma cells relate to B lymphocytes? e. Explain the concept of clonal selection. f. Explain how lymphocytes patrol the body through recirculation. g. Describe all three3 steps in lymphocyte activation.h. What are helper-T cells, and how do they relate to AIDS? i. How do antigen-presenting cells (like macrophages) function in the activation of T lymphocytes? j. Contrast effector lymphocytes and memory lymphocytes.3. Immune System (Part 2).a. Know the main pats of the thymus: its lobes, lobules, cortex, and medulla.b. Lymphoid tissue: describe its main functions, and describe its histological structure that lets it hold many lymphocytes.c. What are dendritic cells? What are GALT, BALT and MALT?d. What are lymphoid nodules (follicles) and germinal centers?e. In a lymph node, what is the functional difference between the lymph sinuses and the lymphoid tissue between these sinuses? f. Spleen: What are the two main functions of the spleen, and how do they relate to the white pulp and red pulp?g. Are splenic cords and sinusoids the main parts of the red pulp or of the white pulp? h. Are lymphoid tissue and central arteries the main parts of the red pulp or the white pulp? i. How does white pulp remove antigens from the blood? j. How does red pulp destroy worn-out blood cells?k. When would a patient require a splenectomy? l. Of all the immune organs, which ones have a cortex and a medulla?m. Of all the immune organs, which one does not directly fight infection or have lymphoid tissue or nodules?4. Digestive System (Introduction)a. Name all the histological layers in the wall of the digestive tube (esophagus through intestines).Tell the tissue type, function and embryological origin of each layerb. Describe the locations and functions of the two main abdominopelvic and peritoneal cavities.c. What is a mesentery?d. What does “retroperitoneal” mean in reference to some parts of the intestines? e. What parts of the adult digestive tube develop from the embryonic foregut, midgut, hindgut? What specific arteries supply each of these gut regions?f. Gut rotation: how does the primitive intestinal loop rotate to bring the intestines and stomach into their first positions?5. Digestive System (Mouth and Pharynx)a. What is the vestibule of the mouth?b. Know the structure and functions of the parts of a tooth: enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, periodontal membrane.c. Why