GEO 155 1st Edition Lecture 27 Outline of Last Lecture Tectonism Outline of Current Lecture I Review II Slides Current Lecture Soils Gelisols Frozen soil Does not change a lot One layer of A or E Spodisols Subarctic areas Needle leaf evergreen forest Shallow A Horizon Red soil Alfisols Polar climate Broadleaf deciduous forest Deep A Horizon Prominent O Horizon E Horizon loses clay to B horizon These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o B horizon is more compactable Ultisols Oldest soil Found in South Lost a lot of its nutrients Shallower A Horizon Thicker O horizon Mollisols Found in prairies Darker thicker A Horizon Aridisols Drier climates of the southwest No distinction between E and B horizon o No rain Shallow A horizon Entisols Younger soils Vertisols Vertical mixing of soils allows a homogenous soil mixture Histosols Thick A and O Horizon Swamp land soils Hydrology Overland flow Fastest movement of water Infiltration Through flow o Second fastest Groundwater flow o Slowest Drainage Basin Area in which precipitation would enter and all of the water ends up going to the same basin Watershed Catchment Mechanisms that Influence Infiltration vs Overland Flow 1 Topography a Steep overland flow b Flat infiltration 2 Vegetation a Raindrop splash vegetation prevents impact of rain slowing down the rain and preventing the movement of soil particles i Dense vegetation infiltration 3 Climate a More precipitation more overland flow b Evaporation amount of sunlight i Low latitude climates have more infiltration where there is more sunlight 4 Land Use a Rural infiltration b Urban overland flow c Contour plowing infiltration i Plowing along the elevation lines 5 Substrate a Texture and depth of soil i Larger soil particles infiltration ii Deeper infiltration Hydrograph Rapid hydrograph narrow discharge larger in severity short lasting o Overland flow Flood peak Base flow amount of water that enter the system Lag time between the rainfall and flood peak Duration time between base flow from start of flood to end Floods Recurrence interval average time of an expected flood of a given size Fluvial Geomorphology 1 2 3 How rivers change the environment Aggradation building up Degradation taking away soil Equilibrium stream isn t depositing and removing sediment Stream terrace flat surface left when a river erodes Rivers create V shaped valleys o Glaciers form U shaped valleys o Most valleys are formed by rivers Rivers carry sediment by 1 Bedload largest sediment moves along bottom of river 2 Suspended smaller carried by current 3 Dissolved Alluvium fan occurs at end of mountains River delta same as alluvium fan but from river to ocean Bedload Shallow wide Friction Slower movement of water Braided channel Suspended Load No friction Deep narrow Faster movement of water Glacier Net accumulation of ice and snow each year and movement of this snow and ice o Moves by a slope alpine Zone of ablation o Loss of snow and ice Zone of accumulation o Gain of snow and ice Pleistocene period of maximum glacial extent Occurs at high altitudes and high latitudes Continental Glaciers Depositional Features 1 Drumlins a Direction of glacial movement in smoother narrower part 2 Kame a Cone shaped hill formed where sediment deposited 3 Esker a Elongated stretch of land smooth on all sides b Created in tunnel 4 Kettle a Raised where till was deposited depression created water fills in Glacial Drift Sediment carried by a glacier 1 Till a Unsorted carried by ice 2 Outwash a Sorted carried by stream Alpine Glaciers Erosional Features 1 Cirque 2 Arete a Ridge with two sides eroded away 3 Horn Peak a Sharp point of a mountain all sides eroded away 4 Tarn a Lake Badlands Chadron curved hills o Infiltration o Creep o Erosion concentrated on top o Wet climate Brule sharp hills o Overland flow o Sheet erosion o Even erosion o Dry Doline sinkhole from acid rain especially in limestone
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