GENDER INEQUALITYOUTLINEHistorical ViewSlide 4Religious ViewSlide 6Slide 7Biological ViewSociological ViewSlide 10Slide 11Margaret Mead’s ResearchArapeshMundugumorTchambuliGender Issues in Contemporary SocietiesSlide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20GENDER INEQUALITYISS 215LECTURE 11OUTLINE1. Historical ViewA. In EuropeB. In AfricaC. In Asia2. Religious View3. Biological View4. Sociological View5. Gender Issues in Contemporary Societies6. Case History of Phoolan DeviHistorical View1. Historical ViewA. Europei. Views of Social Scientists?ii. Political Significance?B. AfricaHistorical ViewC. Asiai. China- Three Obediences- Four Virtuesii. India- Status in General- Concept of Satiiii. Arab CountriesReligious View2. Religious ViewA. Women in Judaismi. Primary role of a woman is as a wife and motherii. Very limited role for women in Synagogueiii. Segregation of women from menReligious ViewB. Women in Christianityi. Primary role of a woman is as a wife and motherii. Church leadershipiii. Participation of women in the work forceReligious ViewC. Women in Islami. Woman as subordinateii. Extreme segregationiii. Very limited role in economic activitiesiv. Political, religious, and other leadership rolesBiological View3. Biological ViewA. Comparison between animals and Homo sapiensB. Genetic DifferencesSociological View4. Sociological View (Parsons and Bales, 1955)A. Functionalist Viewpointi. Division of laborii. Instrumental v. Expressive Rolesiii. Male should be dominant and competentiv. Female should be passive and nurturingSociological ViewB. Conflict Perspective (Marx and Engels, 1942)i. No gender inequality in hunter-gatherer societiesii. Domination by men of critical resourcesiii. Economic inequality during industrializationiv. Functional to Dysfunctionalv. Socialism eliminates gender inequalitySociological ViewC. Socializationi. Socialization and gender inequalityii. Margaret Mead’s researchMargaret Mead’s ResearchNew GuineaSex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935, 1963)–Arapesh–Mundugumor–TchambuliArapeshIdentical RolesGentle practices to raise children leading to feminine characteristicsSimilar attitudes and behaviorsBoth men and women are:–Gentle–Un-aggressive–Responsive–Passive–Cooperative–SensitiveMundugumorIdentical rolesChildren were raised by:–Slapping–Shoving–Cuffing and kicking as punishmentsBoth genders were:–Masculine–Aggressive–Selfish–Headhunting and cannibalismTchambuliDifferent roles for men and women–FemalesActiveStrongDominantRational–MalesSubmissiveEmotionalNurturing to children InferiorGender Issues in Contemporary Societies5. Gender issues in contemporary societiesA. Social Inequalityi. Gender rolesii. Preferential treatmentsiii. Religion, education, politics, and medicineiv. Institution of marriageGender Issues in Contemporary SocietiesB. Economic inequalityi. Definition of workii. Limited jobsiii. Unequal payiv. Working hoursv. Slow upward social mobilityGender Issues in Contemporary SocietiesC. Political inequalityi. Right to voteii. Right to leadiii. Theoretical and real political rightsGender Issues in Contemporary SocietiesD. Physical and Sexual abuseViolence against womeni. Negligenceii. Infant mortalityiii. Selective abortioniv. Rapes and murdersv. Sexual abusevi. Sexual harassmentvii. Pornography and prostitutionGender Issues in Contemporary SocietiesE. Freedomi. Freedom of choiceii. Freedom of movementiii. Freedom of entertainment, rest, and recreation6. Case History of Phoolan