Slide 1OutlineSlide 3C. Races in the U.S. and Future TrendsD. Historical BackgroundD. Historical Background, continuedD. Historical Background, continuedD. Historical Background, continuedImmigration Act of 1990Immigration Act of 1990 (continued)E. Theoretical DiscussionE. Theoretical Discussion (continued)E. Theoretical Discussion (continued)E. Theoretical Discussion (continued)E. Theoretical Discussion (continued) Theories of PrejudiceE. Theoretical Discussion (continued) Theories of PrejudiceE. Theoretical Discussion (continued) Theories of PrejudiceSlide 18F. ConsequencesSlide 20Race and InequalityISS 215Lecture 8OutlineA. What is Race?B. Races around the GlobeC. Races in the U.S. and Future TrendsD. Historical BackgroundE. Theoretical DiscussionF. ConsequencesA. What is Race?Social creation of arbitrary grouping of individuals in a society based on the color of their skinB. Races around the Globe1. White?2. Black?3. Asian?C. Races in the U.S. andFuture TrendsRace/Ethnicity1980 (%)1990 (%)2000 (%)2010(%)White 79.8 75.6 69.172.4(63.7)Black 11.5 11.7 12.1 12.6Hispanic/Latino 6.4 9.0 12.5 16.3Asian 1.6 2.8 3.7 4.8Native 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.1Other 0.1 0.1 1.8 2.9(Population Reference Bureau 2002, 2011)D. Historical Background 1. Early Encounters with Native Americansa. EthnocentrismLabeling of Natives as Savages, Animalistic, and Heathensb. Cooperation and relative equality changed to dominationc. Acquisition of Native Landd. Natives pushed to reservationse. Native Americans, their socioeconomic conditionsD. Historical Background, continued2. Arrival of Blacksa. Resistance from Native Americansb. 1500-1850c. 1619: A Dutch ship brought 20 Africans to Jamestown, Virginiad. Need for plantationse. 10 Million Africans were sold in Africa, but only half of them arrived in the U.S. alive (Franklin, 1967)f. Labeling of blacks as savages and animalisticg. Treatment by the masters was extremely cruel with no legal rightsh. Outlawed in 1808, but until 1850, 10% of American families owned slavesD. Historical Background, continued3. Hispanics in Americaa. In 1848 the United States conquered and bought the areas where we have Texas, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado from Mexicob. Most Mexicans, however, came to the U.S. during the 20th century as farm laborc. Other Hispanics include: Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and a small percentage from other Spanish-speaking areasd. Economic ConditionsD. Historical Background, continued4. Asians in Americaa. Chineseb. Filipinosc. Japanesed. Indian and Pakistanise. KoreansImmigration Act of 1990Enacted by the Bush Government1. Total quota was increased from 540,000 to 700,000 per year2. In 1995 this quota will be reduced to 675,000 per year3. 140,000 visas per year for special occupation al groups (scientists, professors, doctors, engineers, etc.)Immigration Act of 1990 (continued)4. 10,000 visas per year for individuals who can invest 500,000 dollars into the U.S.5. Special quota was set aside for under-represented countries. For example, 16,000 visas are set aside for persons from IrelandE. Theoretical Discussion1. Minority•Disadvantaged•Socially visible•Sense of common affinity•Placed in Minority category by others•Friends and spouse from the same groups2. PrejudiceRigid, negative, and false generalizations about an entire category of peopleE. Theoretical Discussion (continued)3. RacismSystematic and institutionalized discrimination against one or more races4. PluralismA state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parityE. Theoretical Discussion (continued)5. AcculturationLearning of the language, values, norms, and skills of a majority population6. AssimilationGradual adoption of culture of larger group leading to a complete loss of distinct racial identityE. Theoretical Discussion (continued)7. SegregationPhysical and social separation of certain categories of people8. GenocideSystematic annihilation of one category of people by anotherE. Theoretical Discussion (continued) Theories of PrejudiceA. Scapegoat TheoryThe feelings of frustration and rage against injustices and oppression are directed to minoritiesE. Theoretical Discussion (continued) Theories of PrejudiceB. Authoritarian Personality1. Intolerant to one and all minorities2. Very rigid to conventional cultural values3. Competition and Hierarchy are considered Natural4. No flexibility (Adorno 1950)E. Theoretical Discussion (continued) Theories of PrejudiceC. Cultural Theory1. Culture of Prejudice2. English, Canadian, and Scottish v. French, German, Swedes, Dutch, African, and Asians (Bogardus 1968)D. Conflict Theory1. Prejudice and economic power2. Oppression3. Elites encourage prejudice to divide the working classE. Theoretical Discussion (continued) Theories of Racial and Ethnic InequalityA. The Caste Analysis of Race Relations1. The boundaries of race are permanent2. Education and income cannot bridge the gapB. Domination Theory1. Noel’s Theory of Ethnic Stratification2. Internal Colonialism3. Class based explanationF. Consequences1. Poverty2. Hunger3. Crime“All men are born equal. I advance it as a suspicion only, that the Blacks, whether originally a distinct race or made distinct by time and circumstances, are inferior to the Whites in the endowments both of body and mind.”~Thomas