GENDER INEQUALITY ISS 215 LECTURE 11 OUTLINE 1 Historical View A B C In Europe In Africa In Asia 2 Religious View 3 Biological View 4 Sociological View 5 Gender Issues in Contemporary Societies 6 Case History of Phoolan Devi Historical View 1 Historical View A Europe i Views of Social Scientists ii Political Significance B Africa Historical View C Asia i China Three Obediences Four Virtues ii India Status in General Concept of Sati iii Arab Countries Religious View 2 Religious View A Women in Judaism i Primary role of a woman is as a and mother ii Very limited role for women in Synagogue iii Segregation of women from wife men Religious View B Women in Christianity i Primary role of a woman is as a wife and mother ii Church leadership iii Participation of women in the work force Religious View C Women in Islam i Woman as subordinate ii Extreme segregation iii Very limited role in economic activities iv Political religious and other leadership roles Biological View 3 Biological View A Comparison between animals and Homo sapiens B Genetic Differences Sociological View 4 Sociological View Parsons and Bales 1955 A Functionalist Viewpoint i Division of labor ii Instrumental v Expressive Roles iii Male should be dominant and competent iv Female should be passive and nurturing Sociological View B Conflict Perspective Marx and Engels 1942 i No gender inequality in huntergatherer societies ii Domination by men of critical resources iii Economic inequality during industrialization iv Functional to Dysfunctional v Socialism eliminates gender inequality Sociological View C Socialization i Socialization and gender inequality ii Margaret Mead s research Margaret Mead s Research New Guinea Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies 1935 1963 Arapesh Mundugumor Tchambuli Arapesh Identical Roles Gentle practices to raise children leading to feminine characteristics Similar attitudes and behaviors Both men and women are Gentle Un aggressive Responsive Passive Cooperative Sensitive Mundugumor Identical roles Children were raised by Slapping Shoving Cuffing and kicking as punishments Both genders were Masculine Aggressive Selfish Headhunting and cannibalism Tchambuli Different roles for men and women Females Active Strong Dominant Rational Males Submissive Emotional Nurturing Inferior to children Gender Issues in Contemporary Societies 5 Gender issues in contemporary societies A Social Inequality i Gender roles ii Preferential treatments iii Religion education politics and medicine iv Institution of marriage Gender Issues in Contemporary Societies B Economic inequality i Definition of work ii Limited jobs iii Unequal pay iv Working hours v Slow upward social mobility Gender Issues in Contemporary Societies C Political inequality i Right to vote ii Right to lead iii Theoretical and real political rights Gender Issues in Contemporary Societies D Physical and Sexual abuse Violence against women i Negligence ii Infant mortality iii Selective abortion iv Rapes and murders v Sexual abuse vi Sexual harassment vii Pornography and prostitution Gender Issues in Contemporary Societies E Freedom i Freedom of choice ii Freedom of movement iii Freedom of entertainment rest and recreation 6 Case History of Phoolan Devi