BIOL 120 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last LectureI. EnergyII. MetabolismIII. Cell EnergyIV. Cellular Respiration Outline of Current LectureI. Electron Transport ChainII. Anaerobic vs. AerobicIII. Photosynthesis OverviewCurrent LectureI. Electron Transport ChainA. The fourth step in cellular respiration 1. Potential energy from the electrons of NADH and FADH2 slowly decreases as they move through redox reactions 2. Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)3. O2 is the final electron acceptor B. Oxidative Phosphorylation1. the energy released during this process is used to pump protons (H+) across the plasma membrane into intermembrane space 2. Protons then move through the enzyme ATP synthase to create ATPThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Oxidative Phosphorylation: This mode of ATP production links the phosphorylation of ADP with NADH and FADH2 oxidation • Synthesis of ATP : ADP + Pi  ATP (phosphorylation: adding phosphate) – Occurring because of oxygen  oxidative phosphorylation C. Chemiosmosis1. ETC pumps protons from mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space 2. the proton motive force from the electrochemical gradient can be used to make ATP  chemiosmosis D. ATP Synthase Structure 1. Protons flow through this structure and it catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATPE. Energy Yield1. Theoretical i. 38 ATP per glucose for bacteriaii. 36 ATP per glucose for eukaryotes2. Actuali. 30 ATP per glucose for eukaryotes II. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic A. Aerobic use oxygen to produce ATP  more productiveB. Anaerobic do not use oxygen to produce ATP1. Fermentation: a metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ from stockpiles of NADH, allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP without oxygen  extremely inefficient a). occurs when pyruvate or a molecule derived from pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH2. Lactic Acid Fermentationa). lactate and NAD+ are produced (occurs in muscle cells)b). makes 2 molecules of ATP3. Alcohol fermentationa). ethanol and NAD+ produced (occurs in yeast) b). makes 2 ATPC. Cellular respiration and Metabolic pathways1. cells’ requirements: energy and carbon 2. Metabolism a). catabolic pathways: involve the breakdown of molecules and the production of ATPb). Anabolic pathways: the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller components D. Fuels for ATP 1. Cells first use carbs  then fats and lastly muscle III. Photosynthesis Overview A. It is carried out by all plants, 7 groups of algae, and cyanobacteria B. It is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy a). Co2 and H2O and light come from the environment b). Stomata (opening in the leaf) controls the amount of CO2 going into the cellsc). pigments in the chloroplast is also requiredC. Stages of Photosynthesis1. Light dependent a). require light to capture energy from the sunlight b). makes ATP and NADPHc). occurs in Thylakoid membrane d). pigments absorb light energy at wavelength 400-700 nmi. chlorophyll  green color (Chlorophyll a and b)ii. Carotenoids  red, orange and yellow pigments e). Photosystem I  absorbs light at 700nmf). Photosystem II  absorbs light at 680 nmg). energy status (pigment colors) decrease as electrons are donated and the process repeats with added light energy 2. Light independent reactionsa). carbon fixation event (not light required)b). use ATP and NADPH to synthesis CO2D. Types of Photophosphorylation1. Non-cyclic  (electrons flow in a non- cyclic manner)Energy gets lost and system is not constant  need a constant supply of electrons to replace lost energy2. Cyclic  electron flow stays constant with energy being received and