I. Introduction of ChapterA. Definition of science & biologyII. Criteria for living versus non-living organismsIII. Fundamental Questions in Biology&The Science of LifeIV. Hierarchy of living systems (beginning)BIOL 120 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Introduction of Chapter A. Definition of science & biologyII. Criteria for living versus non-living organisms III. Fundamental Questions in Biology&The Science of LifeIV. Hierarchy of living systems (beginning) A. definition of Population, Species, Community, Ecosystem, BiosphereOutline of Current Lecture II. Hierarchy of living systems (finished)III. Process of science & scientific methoda. Deductive reasoning, Inductive reasoning, observation, hypothesis, prediction, IV. Cells & Cell Theory a. Cell Theory, CellV. Evolution and Natural Selectiona. Evolution, Phylogenetic tree, Natural selection, fitness, adaptation, selective adaptation VI. Interpreting the tree of life & Taxonomy a. Phylogenetic tree, Taxonomy, phylum, genus, speciesVII. Summary of chapter 1 Current LectureII. Hierarchy of living systems (finished)a. Interdependency among organisms i. Living organism rely on each other for energy to survive 1. Trophic pyramid diagram from lecture 1 notes a. Cycle repeats as decomposers provide nutrients from produces III. Process of science & scientific methodThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Purpose of science is to understand the natural world through observations (descriptions) and reasoning b. Science is not random  it is a very precise process through observations and testc. Scientific Enquiryi. Deductive reasoning: uses general principles to make specific predictions1. i.e. I see green trees in BG therefore I believe that all the trees in BG have to be greenii. Inductive reasoning: uses specific observations to develop general conclusions1. i.e. I see green trees in all parts of BG except for in the west therefore not all the trees in BG are greend. Scientific Methodi. A systematic approach the understand the world around usii. Steps:1. Form a hypothesisa. A possible explanation for an observationi. Must be testable to be considered a good hypothesisii. If results are consistent with hypothesis then it is accepted if not then can adjust/ reject hypothesis then retest it 2. Form a predictiona. A prediction provides a way to test the validity of a hypothesisb. The more successful experiments, the more valid the hypothesis i. Always test a hypothesis with more than one experiment 3. Experiment a. Used to test a hypothesisb. Make sure the experiment is only testing one variable at a time by having a test experiment and a control experiment i. i.e. temperature effect on the growth of plants  only the temperature should be changed between the control and the experiment 4. Conclusiona. Organize data and publish results5.IV. Cells & Cell Theory a. All organisms are made up of cellsb. Where do cells come from?i. Louis Pasteur conducted an experiment to prove that cells either form from each other or form spontaneously 1. Did so by having a flask sterilized containing nutrient broth and keeping one flask with it’s neck still on and breaking the flask of the other a. If the flask with the neck still attached began to have bacteria growing in it then cells were spontaneously formedb. If the flask with the broken neck began to have bacteria growing in it then cells form from preexisting cells (bacteria cells found in the air)c. Conclusion: cells form from other cells2. Created Cell Theory: all organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cellsa. All single- cell organisms are related by common ancestryb. All multi-cellular organism have descended from preexisting cells and are connected by common ancestryii. Cells1. Cell: a highly organized compartment bounded by a plasma membrane a. Contains a concentration of chemicals floating in an aqueous solution b. Is the basic unit of life2. First cell was seen through a microscope in the late 1660s by Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek V. Evolution and Natural Selectiona. Evolution: a change in the characteristics of a population over time i. Proposed by Darwin and Wallace in 1858 ii. Shows that species are related to one another and can change over time iii. Evolutionary changes occur throughout populationsb. Phylogenetic tree: a graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships among speciesi. A visual representation of evolutionary change over time (displays either similarities or differences)1. i.e. all organisms have a common ancestrya. 3.8 billion years ago prokaryotic (simple cell organism) was present  2 billion years ago eukaryotic (complex organism) began evolving from prokaryotic organisms c. Natural Selection: explains how evolution occurs i. Effects individuals ii. An individual’s heritable traits can cause increased success in producing offspring making those traits more common in a population evolution is the result of natural selection iii. Two conditions needed for natural selection to occur1. Individuals in a population need a variety of heritable genes 2. Particular environments effect if an individual reproduces and passes on its genes or not iv. Key terms:1. Fitness: the ability of an individual to reproduce2. Adaptation: a trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment 3. Artificial selection: repeating the selection process over generations results in changes in the characteristics of a domesticated population over time VI. Interpreting the tree of life & Taxonomy a. Interpreting the Tree of Life i. Can use molecular evidence to help understand as well1. Compare an organism’s genomes or proteins to get a more accurate connection between organisms2. Compares the different types of DNA sequences to find relationships 3. Phylogenetic tree: a branching diagram or “tree” showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences intheir physical and genetic characteristics ii. Tree of life indicates the three major group of organism:1. Eukarya2. Bacteria3. Arachaeab. Taxonomy: the effort to name and classify organisms; also known as Binomial nomenclature i. Used to specialize an animal’s name on a worldwide basis 1. Created by Carolus Linnaeus in