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WKU BIOL 120 - Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

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BIOL 120 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture II. Macromolecules a. monomer, polymer, dehydration reaction, hydrolysis III. Carbohydrates a. monosaccharides, polysaccharides, Aldose, ketose, Glycosidic linkage, glycogen, cellulose, starch, Chitin, Peptidoglycan, glycoproteinsOutline of Current LectureI. Nucleic Acids & Nucleotidesa. Nucleotides, nucleic acid, purines, pyrimidines, phosphorylation II. Structure of DNA III. Structure of RNAIV. Lipids (beginning) a. Lipids, saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated Current LectureI. Nucleic Acids & NucleotidesA. Nucleotides: consist of a pentose sugar (5 carbon), phosphate group (bonds to C5) and a nitrogen containing base (bonds to C1)1. Ribonucleotides polymerize to form RNA2. Deoxyribonucleotides polymerize to form DNA3. Connect to for polymers through a phosphodiester bond (phosphate is connected at C5 of pentose sugar)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. Nucleic Acid: a polymer of bonded nucleotides that go through a condensationreaction1. two types of nitrogenous bases:a. Purines (double ring structure): Adenine, Guanineb. Pyrimidines (single ring structure): Thymine (only in DNA), Cytosine, Uracil (only in RNA)2.C. Polymerization1. Polymerization of nucleic Acids is an endergonic process (add in energy)  energy comes from phosphorylation of nucleotidesi. In the polymerization of nucleic acid  2 phosphates aretransferred  creating a nucleoside triphosphate a. Phosphorylation: the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to a substrate molecule (raising potential energy enables endergonic reactionsi. i.e. AMP ADP  ATPII. Structure of DNAA. primary structure: consist of a sequence of nitrogen- containing basis (ATGC)B. Secondary structure: consist of 2 DNA strands running in opposite directions 1. i.e. 3 prime (top of 1) connects to 5 prime (top of 2) and 5 prime (bottom of 1) connects to 3 prime (bottom of 2)2. Held together by complimentary base pairs twisted into a double helixa. A-T & C-G (amount of A= T and amount of C=G)b. total number of purines and pyrimidines is equal 3. DNA can store and duplicate the information needed to grow and reproduceC. The sugar phosphate in both DNA and RNA is directional 1. one end of the strand has an unlinked 5’ C and the other end is an unlinked 3’ Ca. written from 5’  3’D. What Watson and Crick discovered1. DNA strands run in opposite directions of each other2. Sugar phosphate back bones are hydrophilic and face the exterior of the structure 3. Nitrogenous base pairs face interior (hydrophobic)4. Purines always pair with pyrimidines and not with themselves and vice versaa. A-T has a two hydrogen bondb. C-G has a three hydrogen bond5. DNA has different size groovesa. major and minor 6. DNA can store and transmit biological informationE.III. Structure of RNAA. Same components as DNA (sugar phosphate backbone, 4 types of nitrogenous bases, pentose sugar) B. Differs from DNA in 3 ways1. Contains Uracil instead of Thymine 2. Single stranded3. Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose i. presence of the –OH group makes RNA much more reactive and less stable than DNAC. Secondary Structure1. Results from complementary base pairing (A-U, G-C)D. RNA is responsible for functions within cell1. transcription, replication, translation E. Like DNA…1. can function as information- containing molecule and can self-replicate 2. Can function as a catalytic molecule  ribozymes are enzyme like RNAsIV. Lipids A. Lipids: loosely defined group of molecules with one main chemical characteristic  insoluble in water a. examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids. Etc.1. Hydrophobic due to high proportion of nonpolar C-H bonds B. Made from 2 main molecules1. Fatty Acidsa. long chain hydrocarbons with COOH at one endi. Saturated: no double bond between carbon atoms (high melting point, animal origin i.e. butterii. Unsaturated: 1 or more double bonds (low melting point, plant origin i.e. olive oil)iii. Monounsaturated: fatty acid with one double bond iv. Polyunsaturated: fatty acid with more than one double bondv.Trans fat: fats produced industrially 2. Gycerol a. 3 carbon polyalcohol (3 (-OH) groups)b. Triglycerides or triacylglycerol i. many lipid molecules consist of a glycerol with 3 fatty acids  attach one to each carbon of glycerol backbonea). fatty acids can be different from each other (most common are 14 to 20 carbons)C. the C-H bond provides/ stores more energy than carbs or


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