BIOL 120 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Protein Structurea. denatured, renatured II. Catalyst and Enzymes a. catalyst, activation energy, enzymesIII. Cell Structure Introa. cell theory, resolution IV. Prokaryotic cells (beginning) a. Plasmids Outline of Current LectureI. Prokaryotic Cells (cont.)a. flagellaII. Eukaryotic Cells a. nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, chromatin, Rough ER, endocytosis, pinocytosis, thylakoids, grana, stromaIII. Cell to cell interactions and connections Current LectureI. Prokaryotic cells1. Internal Structures A. Most have 1 supercoiled circular chromosome located in the nucleoid These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. PlasmidsC. Ribosomes consist of RNA molecules and protein D. Many have internal photosynthetic membranes  i.e. bacteria2. External Structures A. Flagella tail like features that spin around to move the cellB. Most have a cell wall i. Bacterial & Archaeal cells have tough, fibrous layer that surrounds the plasma membrane as a cell wall  composed of peptidoglycanii. Cell walls of fungi, plants and other protest are different iii. many have an additional layer outside the cell wall of lipids called capsule II. Eukaryotes 1. These cells are compartmentalized A. it is difficult for large molecules to travel across the large cell solved by breaking up the cell into smaller membrane bound organelles i. Advantages:a). separation of incompatible chemical reactionsb). increases the efficiency of chemical reactions 2. Differences from prokaryotesA. Eukaryotic chromosomes are inside the nucleus which is a membrane bound compartment B. Eukaryotic cells are bigger C. Eukaryotic cells have lots of internal membrane bound compartmentsD. Eukaryotic cells have a diverse and dynamic cytoskeleton 3. Animal CellA.4. Plant cellA.5. The nucleusA. stores genetic information B. The nucleolus: region where ribosomal RNA is synthesizedC. Nuclear envelope: a double membrane surrounding the nucleolus with nuclear pores to control what goes in and out of the nucleus D. Has linear chromosomes instead of circular E. has Chromatin: chromosomes and proteins which are in charge of folding 6. Endomembrane System A. a series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm divides cell into compartments B. a distinction between eukaryotes and prokaryotes7. Rough endoplasmic reticulumA. rough ER: a network of membrane bound tubes and sacs studded with ribosomes  interior is called the lumenB. It is continuous with the nuclear envelope C. Used to synthesize proteins and then folded and processed in the lumen8. Smooth ERA. Similar to rough ER but lacks the ribosomesB. Enzymes within the Smooth ER synthesize fatty acids and phospholipids used for membranes C. Also breaks down poisonous lipids and stores calcium ions 9. Golgi apparatusA. Golgi apparatus: a flattened stack of interconnected membranes B. Function  transport systema). packs molecules into packages (vesicles)b). distributes molecules synthesized at one location to be used at anotherC. cis is towards ER and trans is towards outside10. RibosomesA. are non membranous and not considered organelles B. large and small subunits containing RNA molecules and protein C. attached to rough ER or free in the cytosol D. made of rRNA E. Functions: a) protein synthesis primary structure i. also needs mRNA and tRNA 11. MicrobodiesA. they are: enzyme bearing membrane enclosed vesicles B. Peroxisomes:a). contain enzymes involved in oxidation of fatty acids hydrogen peroxide produced as a by product that is broken down by catalase b). in plants it is glyoxysomes  use enzymes that oxidize fats to form a compound used to store energy 12. LysosomesA. they are: single membrane bound structures containing about 40 different digestive enzymes B. Found in animal cellsC. Function used for digestion and waste processing D. Delivered through:a). phagocytosisb). AutophagyE. Endocytosis: a process by which the cell membrane can pinch off a vesicle to bring outside material into the cellF. Pinocytosis: a process that brings fluid into the cellc). receptor-mediated endocytosis 13. VacuolesA. they are in plant not animal cellsB. Functions:a). storage, turgidity, etc.b). contain digestive enzymesc). some specialized for digestion d). most used for water and ion storage C Types:a). central vacuole b). storage vacuolesc). contractile vacuole (some fungi and protists) 14. MitochondriaA. bounded by membranes (outer and inner) B. Cristae finger like projections that give more surface areaC. on the surface and within are proteins that carry out oxidative metabolism  ATP synthesis D. They have their own DNA and make their own ribosomes 15.ChloroplastA. found in plant and algal cells that have a double membrane and container their own DNA like mitochondria B. contain thylakoids: membrane bound flattened vesiclesC. That are stacked into piles known as granaD. outside of these is the solution called stroma E. Function covert light energy to chemical energy (photosynthesis) 16. Cell wallsA. found in plants, fungi, and many protistsB. plants and protists: made of celluloseC. Fungi: made of chitin17. CytoskeletonA. a network of protein fibers that support the shape of the cell and keepsorganelles in fixed locations B. A dynamic system that is constantly forming and disassembling C. Aids in cell movement and transports materials within cellD. Three types of fibers:a). microfilaments (actin filaments)  two protein chains loosely twined together b). microtubules  dimers of alpha and beta tubulin subunits c). intermediate filaments  very stable18. CentrosomesA. region surrounding centrioles (help move chromosomes during cell division B. found in animal cells and most protestC. plants and fungi lack them19. Extracellular matrixA. Animal cells lack a wall  secrete a mixture of glycoproteins into the area around them (i.e. collagen) which forms a protective layer over the cell surfaceIII. Cell to cell interaction and connections1. interactions A. surface cells give the cell an ID which other cells read and react a). glycolipids are the most tissue specific cell surface markers b). MHC proteins allow for the recognition of self and nonself cells by the immune system 2. ConnectionsA. Tight junction  Connect the plasma membrane of adjacent cells B. Anchoring junction 