BIOL 120 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture II. Watera. Hydrogen bonds, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, cohesion, adhesion III. Reactionsa. Acid, base, salt, buffer, chemical equilibrium, endothermic reaction, exothermic reaction, Redox, oxidation, reduction IV. Energya. Energy, potential energy, kinetic/ thermal energy, heat, first law of thermodynamics, Gibbs free-energy change, exergonic, endergonic V. Some key terms to know a. Solution, solvent, solute, aqueous solution, molecular weight, molarity VI. Chemical Building Blocks (start of chapter 3)a. Organic compound, isomer, structural isomer, stereoisomer, enantiomer Outline of Current LectureII. Macromolecules a. monomer, polymer, dehydration reaction, hydrolysis III. Carbohydrates a. monosaccharides, polysaccharides, Aldose, ketose, Glycosidic linkage, glycogen, cellulose, starch, Chitin, Peptidoglycan, glycoproteinsCurrent LectureII. MacromoleculesA. Monomer: a small, similar chemical subunit1. i.e. glucose, nucleotides, amino acids, glycerol B. Polymer: built by bonding monomers 1. i.e. Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, lipidsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.C. Bonding reactions1. Dehydration reaction (anabolic) : the formation of large molecules (polymers) by the removal of water2. Hydrolysis (Catabolic): breakdown of polymers by the addition of waterII. CarbohydratesA. Key Concepts1. Sugars and other carbs have a variety of structures a). monosaccharides: one sugar moleculeb). Polysaccharides: many sugar molecules i. joined by different glyosidic linkages (bonds involving sugar)2. Functions:a). raw material for synthesizing other moleculesb). provide cell structural support, can indicate cell I.D.c). store chemical energy needed for cell functions d). Molar ration= C:H:O  1:2:1B. Monosaccharides1. Structure depends on:a). Location of the carbonyl group i. Aldose: found at the end of the monosaccharide  i.e. Glucoseii. Ketose: found in the middle of the monosaccharide  i.e. Fructoseb). Number of carbon atoms present i. Triose: 3 carbon atomsii. Pentose: 5 carbon atomsiii. Hexose: 6 carbon atomsc). Spatial arrangement of their atoms (how the –OH is placed)d). Linear and alternative ring forms (shapes)C. Polysaccharides1. Structure a). polysaccharide (complex carbohydrates): polymers of monosaccharide monomersb). simplest is a disaccharide  made of two monosaccharide monomers (can be identical or different) i. used to transport sugar or energy storage i.e. sucrose, lactose, maltose c). Glycosidic linkage: a covalent bond between two hydroxyl groups occurring from a dehydration reaction that causes simple sugars to polymerizei. can form between any two hydroxyl groups making the location of these bonds varyii. Glycogen: the sugar used by animals to store energya). composed of alpha glucose bonding at carbon 1 carbon 4 (highly branched)iii. cellulose: compose plant cell wallsa). composed of beta glucose bonding at carbon 1 and carbon 4iv. Starch: used by plant cells; similar to glycogen but has 2 forms:a). amylose: composed only of alpha glucose bonding at carbon 1 and 4 (unbranched)b). Amylopectin: is structured like glycogen (branched)v. Chitin: a structural polymer found in fungi cell walls, some algae, and many animal exoskeletons a). comprised of N-acetylglucosamine (NAc) monomers vi. Peptidoglycan provide structural support for bacterial cell walls vii. Starch and glycogen are hydrolyzed to released glucose a). the hydrolysis of an alpha glycosidic linkage in glycogen is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphorylasei). most animal cells contain this enzyme b). the alpha glycosidics in starches are hydrolyzed by amylase  key role in carbohydrate digestion 2. Glycoproteins: cell Identity A. glycoproteins: proteins joined to carbohydrates by covalent bonds (each cell in the body has one)i. key molecules in cell recognition and cell-cell signaling (sugars are attached to protein molecules)3. Carbohydrates and Energy StorageA. Carbs provide and store chemical energy in cells i. cell respiration is used to break down CH bonds for ATP that the cell can use for energy ii. photosynthesis is used to produce sugars from the energy of the sun into CH bonds in carbohydrates B. When cells need energy: carbs go through an exergonic reactionthat creates ATPi. this energy is then used to drive endergonic reactions forused for cell work C. Fiberi. indigestible complex carbs found in