HD 3700 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 11 17 Lecture 11 March 5 Hamlet meets his father Watch Hamlet s reaction to this traumatic event seen his father s ghost learned his uncle murdered his father and seduced his mother Hamlet s response is to become cognitively disorganized and hypomanic o He starts realizing that he s in a play while memory still holds a seat in this distracted globe theater o His speech is disorganized and redundant The Brain Brain stem o Medulla regulates heart rate blood pressure respiration o The pons switch for sleep and wakefulness o Midbrain controls body movement during sex fighting o Cerebellum communicates between frontal lobes and nervous system so physical motion can be precise o Basal ganglia controls slow movements and large muscles Thalamus o Processes sensory information more deeply Hypothalamus o Takes information from the sensory organs o Regulates pituitary gland hormones o Eating drinking sexual behavior Limbic system o Routes information from the cerebellum to centers of brain to generate conscious thought and emotion o Hippocampus episodic and spatial memories o Amygdala fight or flight stress response Cerebral cortex o Occipital lobe visual cortex o Temporal lobe auditory cortex o Parietal lobe somatosensory cortex o Frontal lobes language thought judgment Prefrontal cortex abstract thinking analysis creativity Also controls fine motor movements Brain imaging o CT images from x rays o MRI magnetic field radio frequency pulses and computer to produce detailed photos o fMRI MRI that detects levels of oxygen in brain s blood vessels o Micro electrodes measure the electrical charges of individual neurons o EEG measure seizure activity and stages of sleep o PET measures positrons emitted by radioactive particles injected into the brain Ways to misuse brain imaging o First using it to prove the brain theory i e Republicans and Democrats have differences in brain activation so it s biological not just psychological o Second using data to reduce the complexity of our brains to something simply physical i e fusiform face area face recognition or low serotonin depression o Third disregard any study that ignores the fact that the brain constructs itself from experience i e brains of homosexuals and heterosexuals look different because they have different experiences not because they re genetically different Ways to use brain imaging well o Think of the brain as a collection of verbs that is its parts derive meaning from experience and contribute to our awareness which is how the brain constructs itself o Brain parts as verbs Cortex slow associative extraction of sensory information concepts Hippocampus rapid associative extraction of layout episodes Motor cortex basal ganglia reinforcement learning behavioral planning Cerebellum differencer comparing intention to actual movement Extended amygdala social circuitry links social and physiological state to external choices o Examples of a process oriented verb brain description Hippocampus takes sensory and motor information and binds together over a short period of time Basal ganglia select the action plan with the best chance of success in the present environment o Imaging can be used to explore how the brain constructs itself and to investigate the processes of mental illness Lecture 12 March 10 Ophelia s Dilemma o Ophelia s father forbade her from being with Hamlet o In the scene Hamlet and Ophelia are speaking and Ophelia is so tuned into Hamlet that her metaphor relates to Hamlet s experience of seeing a ghost o Is Hamlet using her or saying goodbye to her Using her to spread the news that he s crazy through the court Saying goodbye because he knows that when he kills the king he will be put to death The brain o What we can tell from observed behavior functioning systems Brain writes a macro for the whole action o We only perceive what our sensory organs are conveying to our brain o Organization of the brain Information travels from sensory organs hind brain midbrain cortex Midbrain where information is processed refined and shared with the cortex Neurons connect midbrain to cortex Neurons and how they work o Fluid inside and out generate energy with ATP myelin coating conducts electrical signals chromosomes inside o Neurons either change the polarity of other neurons or send neurotransmitters into the synapses between the neurons o These neurotransmitters switch on genes in the neurons and change the neurons by generating new receptors making more neurotransmitters increasing enzymes etc How neurons fire o When sodium enters the cells the electrical charge rises until the neuron fires releasing neurotransmitters NT or passing its charge onto another neuron o Neurons can affect each other by just having different levels of electrical charge or by firing or not firing excitatory and inhibitory action potentials How medicine for mental illness works o Psychopharmacology manipulates the levels of NT in the brain o Psychiatric meds affect the way that neurons produce and receive NT Neurotransmission o Two kinds of receptors ionotropic and metabotropic o Ionotropic NT open channels at the receptor s center allowing ions to enter cell o Metabotropic NT cause receptors to create a G Protein which opens ion channels or creates a second messenger that switches on DNA in the neuron leading to cellular changes o Ionotropic and metabotropic neurons respond to input from other neurons and from chemicals created by endocrine glands other neurons food chemicals you bring into your body Kinds of neurotransmitters NT o Glu is the excitatory NT causes neurons to fire change metabolically o GABA is the inhibitory NT keeps neurons from firing o Aceylcholine is the classic NT involved in many functions sleeping flexibility o Catecholamines the crucial set of NT Dopamine DA Norepinephrine NE Epinephrine DA and NE contribute to the regulation of functioning throughout the body Dopaminergic pathways Gross motor movements Mesolimbic dopamine pathway dopaminergic neurons connect VTA and limbic system affects emotion and memory Mesocortical dopamine pathway dopaminergic neurons connect VTA and cerebral cortex affects high order thought anticipation etc o Noradrenergic pathways NE neurons project from brainstem to forebrain providing NE to the cortex limbic system thalamus and hypothalamus Essential role in hunger sexual behavior arousal sleep fear pain anxiety Serotonin Nervous system Motor movement arousal mood