Race and Inequality ISS 215 Lecture 8 Outline A What is Race B Races around the Globe C Races in the U S and Future Trends D Historical Background E Theoretical Discussion F Consequences A What is Race Social creation of arbitrary grouping of individuals in a society based on the color of their skin B Races around the Globe 1 White 2 Black 3 Asian C Races in the U S and Future Trends Race Ethnicity 1980 1990 2000 2010 White 79 8 75 6 69 1 72 4 63 7 Black 11 5 11 7 12 1 12 6 Hispanic Latino 6 4 9 0 12 5 16 3 Asian 1 6 2 8 3 7 4 8 Native 0 6 0 7 0 7 1 1 Other 0 1 0 1 1 8 2 9 Population Reference Bureau 2002 2011 D Historical Background 1 Early Encounters a Ethnocentrism with Native Americans Labeling of Natives as Savages Animalistic and Heathens b Cooperation and relative equality changed to domination c Acquisition of Native Land d Natives pushed to reservations e Native Americans their socioeconomic conditions D Historical Background continued 2 Arrival of Blacks a Resistance from Native Americans b 1500 1850 c 1619 A Dutch ship brought 20 Africans to Jamestown Virginia d Need for plantations e 10 Million Africans were sold in Africa but only half of them arrived in the U S alive Franklin 1967 f Labeling of blacks as savages and animalistic g Treatment by the masters was extremely cruel with no legal rights h Outlawed in 1808 but until 1850 10 of American families owned slaves D Historical Background continued 3 Hispanics in America a In 1848 the United States conquered and bought the areas where we have Texas California Nevada Utah Arizona New Mexico and Colorado from Mexico b Most Mexicans however came to the U S during the 20th century as farm labor c Other Hispanics include Puerto Ricans Cubans and a small percentage from other Spanish speaking areas d Economic Conditions D Historical Background continued 4 Asians in America a Chinese b Filipinos c Japanese d Indian and Pakistanis e Koreans Immigration Act of 1990 Enacted by the Bush Government 1 Total quota was increased from 540 000 to 700 000 per year 2 In 1995 this quota will be reduced to 675 000 per year 3 140 000 visas per year for special occupation al groups scientists professors doctors engineers etc Immigration Act of 1990 continued 4 10 000 visas per year for individuals who can invest 500 000 dollars into the U S 5 Special quota was set aside for underrepresented countries For example 16 000 visas are set aside for persons from Ireland E Theoretical Discussion 1 Minority Disadvantaged Socially visible Sense of common affinity Placed in Minority category by others Friends and spouse from the same groups 2 Prejudice Rigid negative and false generalizations about an entire category of people E Theoretical Discussion continued 3 Racism Systematic and institutionalized discrimination against one or more races 4 Pluralism A state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity E Theoretical Discussion continued 5 Acculturation Learning of the language values norms and skills of a majority population 6 Assimilation Gradual adoption of culture of larger group leading to a complete loss of distinct racial identity E Theoretical Discussion continued 7 Segregation Physical and social separation of certain categories of people 8 Genocide Systematic annihilation of one category of people by another E Theoretical Discussion continued Theories of Prejudice A Scapegoat Theory The feelings of frustration and rage against injustices and oppression are directed to minorities E Theoretical Discussion continued Theories of Prejudice B Authoritarian Personality 1 Intolerant to one and all minorities 2 Very rigid to conventional cultural values 3 Competition and Hierarchy are considered Natural 4 No flexibility Adorno 1950 E Theoretical Discussion continued Theories of Prejudice C Cultural Theory 1 Culture of Prejudice 2 English Canadian and Scottish v French German Swedes Dutch African and Asians Bogardus 1968 D Conflict Theory 1 Prejudice and economic power 2 Oppression 3 Elites encourage prejudice to divide the working class E Theoretical Discussion continued Theories of Racial and Ethnic Inequality A The Caste Analysis of Race Relations 1 The boundaries of race are permanent 2 Education and income cannot bridge the gap B Domination Theory 1 Noel s Theory of Ethnic Stratification 2 Internal Colonialism 3 Class based explanation F Consequences 1 Poverty 2 Hunger 3 Crime All men are born equal I advance it as a suspicion only that the Blacks whether originally a distinct race or made distinct by time and circumstances are inferior to the Whites in the endowments both of body and mind Thomas Jefferson