BCOR 12 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 - 19Lecture 8 (February 2)1. What are the three components of the Cell Theory?2. What are the four possible processes that may have produced the first cells?3. Did RNA or DNA originate the first replicating inheritance molecule? Why?Lecture 9 (February 6)4. What is the difference between a protocell and a true cell?5. What are the three things that life forms can do and therefore identify organisms as living?6. What are the three key events in life’s history?7. What are the three major eons of life’s history? What are the three eras that occur within the current eon?8. What to do the boundaries between eons and eras correspond with?9. What were the first single-celled organisms called? 10. What are cyanobacteria?11. Why did so many prokaryotes die during the oxygen revolution?12. What is the Endosymbiont Theory?Lecture 10 (February 9)13. What is biodiversity? 14. How are prokaryotes able to become so successful and adapt to their environments so quickly?15. Is it more likely to see a mutation passed on in a multicellular organism or a single-cellular organism?16. What are some common characteristics that prokaryotes share?17. What is genetic recombination?18. What are the three different ways that genetic recombination can occur via horizontal transfer? Lecture 11 (February 11)19. Why are bacteria dyed?20. Do Gram positive or negative bacteria react negatively to antibiotics?21. What is the difference between a heterotroph and an autotroph?22. What is the difference between a chemotrophs and a prototroph?23. Between humans and bacteria, is the relationship more or less mutualistic, generally?Lecture 12 (February 13)24. From what organism did land plants (embryophytes) evolve from?25. What were some of the obstacles plants faced during their transition from water to land?26. What were some of the rewards plants found when they went to land?27. What are the five shared derived characters of the land plants?28. Did nonvascular or vascular plants dominate land first?29. Is the gametophyte or the sporophyte generation more dominant in nonvascular plants?30. Why was alternation of generations a key adaptation for plants?31. What does the sporophyte produce? What does the gametophyte produce?Lecture 13 (February 18)32. What are two key parts of a vascular plant?33. What are shared derived characters of SEEDLESS vascular plants?34. Are gametophytes bisexual for vascular plants?35. What is a key difference between seedless plants and seed plants?36. What is a seed? What is a pollen grain?37. What allowed seed plants to thrive?38. What are the two major lineages of seed plants?39. What are the four key adaptations that allowed seed plants to become so successful?Lecture 14 (February 20)40. What is the seed enclosed in if it comes from a gymnosperm? What about an angiosperm?41. What are shared derived characters of angiosperms?42. How do gymnosperms pollinate? How do angiosperms pollinate?43. What are some of the key parts of a flower?Lecture 15 (February 23)44. What are the shared derived characters of animals? Describe each one. 45. What organisms is the sister to all of the animals?46. What animal’s cells look like choanoflagelletes?47. What do diplo- and triploblastic mean?48. Do diploblastic or triploblastic organisms have radial symmetry?49. What is the difference between a deuterostome and a protosome? What are they?50. What are the five points of agreement for the animal phylogeny?Lecture 16 (February 25)51. What are the two stages that a cnidarian can live in during its lifetime?52. What two majors groups make up the Lophotrophozoans?53. Differentiate between mollusks and annelid worms.Lecture 17 (February 27)54. What clade of animals is the most species rich?55. What are the two large phyla of the Ecdyozoans?56. What is a shared derived character of all Ecdyozoans?57. Why do nematodes play a crucial role as a part of the ecosystem?58. What are the shared derived characters of the arthropods?59. Out of the following choices, which phyla of arthropods is the most successful:A. CheliceratesB. MyriapodsC. HexapodsD. Crustaceans60. Why are hexapods the most successful arthropods?61. Give an example of a creature that is an echinoderm.62. What are the shared derived characters of echinoderms?63. What is a water vascular system? What are its functions?Lecture 18 (March 9)64. What are the four shared derived characters all chordates share?65. Do all chordates have these characters present in their adult form?66. What is the most basal chordate?67. What organism is a chordate, but looks nothing like other chordates in its adult form?68. What are chordates with a backbone called?69. What are the shared derived characters of the vertebrates?70. What are the advantages of the vertebrates’ new characters?71. Did the most basal vertebrates, hagfish and lampreys, have jaws?72. What are the shared derived characters of the gnathostomes?73. What allowed for jaws to originate?74. What is the lateral line system?75. What originated after the gnathostomes?76. What are some shared derived characters that differentiate them from the gnathostomes?77. What are the shared derived characters of the tetrapods?78. Do tetrapod characters give more advantages to terrestrial or aquatic animals?Lecture 19 (March 11)79. For what do amphibians rely on water?80. What is an amniotic egg? What advantage does it have?81. What are the shared derived characters of reptiles (sauropsids)? 82. What are shared derived characters of mammals? 83. What are three groups that make up Mammalia?84. About how old is the lineage leading up to Homo sapiens?85. What are Hominin species?86. What are the shared derived characters of humans?87. What are three major trends we see in Hominin evolution?89. What is the “Out of Africa” hypothesis?Answers:1. 1) Life cannot exists beneath the level of a cell 2) All organisms are composed of cells 3) All cells arise from pre-existing cells via cell division2. 1) Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules 2) Small molecules joining together to form macromolecules 3) Formation of protocells 4) Origin of replicating molecules making inheritance possible3. RNA. Because it has a simpler structure and simpler structures often arise before more complex structures.4. Protocells were abiotic while true cells are biotic.5. 1) Ability to reproduce 2) Accurately replicate 3) Ability to metabolize in order to maintain chemical synthesis6.