BCOR 12 1nd Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. BiodiversityII. Prokaryote AbilitiesIII. Prokaryote ReproductionIV. Common Characteristics of ProkaryotesV. Factors that cause high genetic variability in prokaryotesOutline of Current Lecture I. Gram Dyed BacteriaII. Metabolic Adaptations of ProkaryotesIII. Types of Prokaryotes based Metabolic and Nutritional ModesIV. The Human MicrobiomeCurrent LectureGram Dyed Bacteria- Bacteria can by dyed to determine how thick their cell walls are- Gram-positive bacteria are identified by a darkly stained prokaryotes due to thickwalls of peptidoglycan- Peptidoglycan – type of polymer in TRUE bacterial cell walls consisting of sugars cross-linked with proteins- IMPORTANT NOTE: Only BACTERIA have cell walls NOT Archaea- Gram-positive and gram-negative identified bacteria are used in the medical fieldto determine if an antibiotic will or will not aid the patient- Gram-negative bacteria have a think layer of peptidoglycan AND an extra carbohydrate portion of a liposaccharide surrounding it so an antibiotic cannot kill gram-negative bacteria as easily as gram-positive bacteria- We used to group the bacteria into separate kingdoms based on if they were gram-positive or negative, but this is not the case now based on new molecular evidenceMetabolic Adaptations of Prokaryotes- Possible Energy sources:o SUN (phototrophs)o Chemical compounds (chemotrophs)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Possible Carbon sources:- CO2 (autotrophs)- Any other carbon source other than CO2 (heterotrophs)- Prokaryotes are all over the place in terms of their energy source & carbons sourceTypes of Prokaryotes based on their Metabolic and Nutritional Modes- Photoheterotrophs (unique to prokaryotes)- Chemoheterotrophs (most bacteria and many non-prokaryotes)- Photoautotrophs (plants)- Chemoautotrophs (unique to prokaryotes)- Prokaryotes gather carbon and harvest energy is very diverse ways- Eukaryotic photosynthesis is oxygenic – oxygen producing- Before oxygenic there was anoxygenic microbes (prior to the oxygen revolution)- For anoxygenic microbes:o Light drives the sugar synthesiso The electron donor in the energy synthesis was NOT H2O but H2S, H2, or Ferrous iron (Fe2+)- Eukaryotic cellular respiration is oxygen utilizing – aerobic- Anaerobic microbes do NOT use oxygen and to many is actually toxic- Two types of anaerobic microbes:o Obligate – oxygen is toxico Facultative – can work with or without oxygen- Prokaryotes have a great diversity in their metabolic and nutritional modes- Microbial mats (stromatolites are an example) were created by communities of different microbes with different metabolic and nutritional modes- Prokaryote phylogeny is changing due to recent molecular evidence (the biological species concept does NOT apply here)- Horizontal gene transfer has driven a LOT of the variation in the bacteria and ArchaeaThe Human Microbiome- There are 10 microbial cells for each human cell- There are 400 microbial genes for each human gene- It is generally a mutualistic relationship between the bacteria and the human- Eukaryotic (excluding human cells), bacteria, and archaea all live within the human body- Firmcutes (gram-positive) – a common types of prokaryote found in the human body and are non-pathogenic- Bacteroidetes (gram-negative) – are another common types of prokaryotes foundin the human body and are also non pathogenic- 1000:1 ratio between anaerobic and aerobic microbes- The diversity of microbes varies greatly between person to person especially when compared from different global