BCOR 12 1st Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture I. Human Welfare & PlantsII. Seed plant reproduction vs. Spore-dispersing plantsIII. Life Cycle of GymnospermIV. Shared Derived Characters of AngiospermsV. Structure of Idealized FlowerVI. Flower  FruitOutline of Current Lecture I. Eukaryotic KingdomsII. Animal Shared Derived CharactersIII. 3 Main Groups of Animals and the simple Phylogenetic Tree IV. Animal Body PlansV. BilateriansVI. 5 Points Agreement of Animal PhylogeneticsCurrent LectureEukaryotic Kingdoms- There are 8 eukaryotic kingdoms- Most eukaryotes are single cell protists- Opisthokonts – a eukaryotic super-kingdom. Includes:o Animalso FungiThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Choanoflagellates- First animals arose in the Proterozoic eon (~800 MYA)- Animal – multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote- Animals arose before plants but plants migrated to land firstAnimal Shared Derived Characters- Nervous and muscular tissues are unique to animals- Tissues – groups of cells with a specialized function- Animal cells lack cell walls but we find an extracellular matrix that is mostly collageno Collagen - functions = provides structural support for animals cells (protein)- Hox genes – control sequential embryonic development of animals- Gastrulation - a series of cell and tissue movements during embryonic developmentI. Bastula – stage (“hollow ball of cells”) embryo falls inward (cells move into the hollow center)II. Formation of gastrula  2-3 layered embryo3 Main Groups of Animals and the simple Phylogenetic TreeImage from: https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/f2013/kehoe_grac/spider_template/images/major%20clades.pngAbove is a simplified phylogenetic tree of the animals and their closest ancestors- Choanoflagellates are flagellated protists and they look very similar to the most ancient animal, the sponge’s cells- The animal category circled above can be split into three main categories:I. SpongesII. CnidariansIII. BilateriansAnimal Body Plans- Animals can be categorized by their body plan- Body plan – a set of morphological and development traits, integrated into a functional whole (whole = the multicellular animal)- Symmetry – radial & bilateral - Radial symmetry – can slice the animal multiple ways and have the animal be the same on all sides and have two tissue layers (diploblastic)o Example: jellyfish- Bilateral symmetry – has a left and right side and have three tissues layer (triploplastic)o Example: lobster- Diploblastic – endoderm (inner layer) & exoderm (outer layer)- Triploblastic – endoderm, exoderm, mesoderm (middle layer) - Cnidarians = radial symmetric & diploblastic- Bilaterians = majority of animals and triploblasticBilateriansCategorized into 2 Major Groups:I. Protosomes = mollusks & annelids wormsa. Spiral cleavage (the cleavage planes during embryonic development do not line up)b. Determinate= the development fate of each cell is cast early in developmentII. Deuterostomes = echinoderms & chordatesa. Radial cleavage (cleavage during development do line up)b. Indeterminate = cell produced early in embryogenesis has not yet been determinedi. This is what causes identical twins, this indeterminate quality- Animal phylogeny has changed a lot due to molecular data5 Points Agreement of Animal PhylogeneticsMetazons = animals I. All animals share a common ancestorII. Sponges are basal animals  most ancientIII. Eumetozoa is a clade of animals with true tissues IV. Most animal phyla are bilateriaV. Vertebrates and other chrodates belong to the clade