BIOL 2002C 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Current Lecture I Lymphatic System II Immunity 6 What structures does lymph pass through in its pathway from formation to entering the Venous circulation Lymphatic capillary lymphatic vessel lymphatic nodes lymphatic trunk lymphatic duct 7 Distinguish between lymphatic tissues Diffuse vs scattered throughout most organs of the body found in mucous membranes lymph nodes spleen around lymph nodules Nodule or follicle found in lymph nodes spleen intestines Peyer s Patches MALT mucosa associated lymphoid tissues Function for immune system contain a lot of lymphocytes And a lymphatic organ Distinct encapsulated collections of specific diffuse lymphoid tissues and follicles lymph nodes spleen thymus tonsils 8 Describe the structure and function of a Tonsils covered with epithelial tissue which invaginates to form pockets called crypts inside these are nodules lymphocytes tonsils filter air food Three types These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 1 Pharyngeal 2 Palatine 3 Lingual b Lymph nodes Including the proper pathway of lymph flow Fig 22 6 through them Afferent lymphatic vessel Cortex with lymphatic nodules and germinal centers activation of immune response with lymphocyte proliferation Medulla with lymphatic sinuses lined with macrophages to remove bacteria and other foreign substances Efferent lymphatic vessel c Spleen Activation of immune system with white pulp breakdown of erythrocytes blood passes through white pulp and into red pulp and then enters sinuses which lead into veins Differentiating red vs white pulp Red RBC s and macrophages White primarily lymphocytes immune function d Thymus only lymphatic organ not composed of reticular tissue because it is a gland and composed of epithelial tissue it is NOT involved in immune fighting function T lymphocyte maturation site for maturing the T cells Blood thymus barrier keeps blood borne antigens from accidental activation of premature lymphocytes CHAPTER 22 IMMUNITY 5 List and give the functions of the phagocytesand other cells involved in the Second line of defense a Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria b Macrophages monocytes which leave blood enter tissues and enlarge c Eosinophils release chemicals which help control inflammatory response kill parasites with chemicals also weak phagocytes d Basophils and mast cells release histamine and heparin inflammatory response cause smooth muscle contraction e Natural killer NK cells large lymphocytes circulate through blood and lymph lyse kill any cancer cells or virus infected non specific recognize sugars on outside surfaces of abnormal cells enhance inflammatory response 6 List the events of the local inflammatory responseand explain their significance a Damage to body tissues attract mast cells and other WBC s b Chemicals are released histamine kinins prostaglandins cytokines leukotriene complement proteins c Blood vessels dilate vasodilate due to histamine carries away toxins and debris causes swelling warmth and redness hyperemia congestion with blood increase local temp which increases phagocyte activity and decreases bacteria activity d Blood vessels leak fluid more permeable swelling edema causes pain by pressing on nerve endings plasma proteins clotting factors antibodies complement proteins can enter area of tissue damage along with oxygen and other nutrients e Phagocytes enter damaged tissue FIRST are mast cells histamine and heparin NEXT neutrophils bacterial infections THEN macrophages which are there for the long haul f Bradykinins are secreted by mast cells chemicals that stimulate sensory neurons that produce pain 4 cardinal signs redness pain swelling heat 7 List the four steps in the Phagocytosis Process and define each a Leukocytosis increase in WBC count b Pavementing Margination moving along edges of capillaries c Diapedesis movement d Chemotaxis following the chemical trail 8 Describe the chemical mediators involved in innate immunity A complement proteins Fig 22 10 cause formation of membrane attack complex in pathogen which causes it to lyse globular protein normally in inactive form but can be activated in cascade reaction antigen antibody complex classical pathway foreign substance alternative pathway b interferons proteins secreted by our body cells when they get infected by a virus then coat and protect nearby cells non specific also activate macrophages and NK s C cytokines Table 22 4 help stimulate leukopoiesis interleukins and colony stimulating factors 9 Describe how a fever is produced by pyrogens and how it contributes to the Immune response wide spread systemic response produce proteins called pyrogens that reset the body s internal thermostat making the body think that it s colder than it is comes from macrophages and other WBC s