BIOL 2002C 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 4 8 Chapter 19 Name the components of blood and their percentages Plasma 55 Formed Elements 45 Name the components of Plasma and their percentages Water 91 Proteins 7 other solutes 2 What are the 3 major plasma proteins in order of most to least common Albumin Globulins Fibrinogen What are the 3 kinds of formed elements and the normal values for them Erythrocytes 4 6 million Leukocytes 5 10 thousand Thrombocytes 250 400 thousand Define the following oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin carbaminohemoglobin carboxyhemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin the iron in each heme binds reversibly with 1 oxygen Deoxyhemoglobin no oxygen is bound Carbaminohemoglobin blood Carbon Dioxide combines with the amino acids of globin it occurs more readily in deoxyhemoglobin Carboxyhemoglobin occurs with carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin What is the process for hemoglobin breakdown Iron Fe part of heme put into protein iron complexes stored in the liver and spleen transported by protein transferrin returned to the bone marrow for reuse Heme broken down to bilirubin bound to albumin and transported in blood to liver then becomes part of bile and is excreted by the liver into small intestine bacteria in intestines metabolize bilirubin and resulting pigments give feces their brown color urine its yellow color Globin is broken down into amino acids Define these RBC abnormalities Polycythemia too many RBC blood is more viscous Anemia Iron deficiency iron deficient or folate deficiency Pernicious Vitamin B12 deficient common in the elderly Aplastic destruction inhibition of hemopoietic parts of red bone marrow Sickle cell disease recessive carrying both genes has the disease Sickle cell trait heterozygous for the trait carries the trait Thalassemia deficient globin chain What are the 5 types of WBC s and which are classified as Granulocytes and Agranulocytes Granulocytes Neutrophils purple granules contain lysosomes which rupture bacteria Eosinophils bi lobed red granules important in allergies parasitic worms IgE antibody Basophils blue black granules bi lobed nucleus similar to mast cells release histamine and heparin which work with the inflammatory response Agranuloytes Lymphocytes smallest mostly found in lymphatic tissues 2 types t cells which kill abnormal cell growth i e cancer and b cells which produce antibodies these help with viral immunity Monocytes largest macrophages in tissue phagocytize important in chronic disease Explain the 3 processes that can lead to Hemostasis a Vascular spasm caused by vascular smooth muscle injury nervous system reflex chemicals released by capillary endothelial cells endothelin and platelets thromboxanes b Platelet plug formation Fig 19 9 occurs due to tissue damage to collagen fibers which attracts platelets Platelets then secrete seratonin enhances vascular spasm ADP attracts more platelets and thromboxane does both Positive feedback Platelet adhesion occurs when von Willebrand factor connects collagen and platelets Fibrinogen connects platelets together c Coagulation Phase I Prothrombinase prothrombin activator is made through intrinsic or extrinsic pathway Phase II Prothrombin is activated to Thrombin by prothrombin activator Phase III Thrombin and Ca 2 activate polymerize Fibrinogen to Fibrin Define the following Thrombus clot in an unbroken blood vessel Embolus clot which breaks off from blood vessel wall and travels in the bloodstream What is the Universal Donor O because no antigens of the RBC s AB because no antibodies in the serum How could hemolytic disease of the newborn occur The mother is Rh and the father is and their child is born What is a Minor and Major Cross Match Major Donor s RBC s and Recipient s serum Minor Donor s serum and Recipients RBC s Chapter 20 What is the route of blood through the heart Superior inferior vena cava coronary sinus right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary valve pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic valve aorta body circulation coronary arties systemic circulation Define the Following Pericarditis inflammation of serous pericardium which results in less serous fluid so more friction when the heart beats Cardiac tamponade can be result of pericarditis it is when excessive inflammatory fluid fills the pericardial cavity and the fluid compresses the heart and makes it hard to beat Myocardial infarction commonly known as a heart attack it is a result of a stop in the delivery of oxygen ischemia which causes tissue damage and eventual tissue death Angina pectoris a decrease in the blood flow causes chest pain it is damaging to heart tissue and the link to aerobic respiration Nitroglycerin is used to treat it because it is a vasodilator Understand the following structural components of cardiac muscle and their role Myofibrils composed of myofilaments Myofilaments actin thin filament and myosin thick filament Intercalated discs Desmosomes hold the cardiac cells together and anchor them Gap junctions allow ions to pass from cell to cell T tubules surround myofibrils extension of the sarcolemma allowing action potentials to enter the interior of the cell SR sarcoplasmic reticulum contains calcium and is a form of smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus control center contains DNA and determines what proteins will be made Mitochondria makes lots of ATP aerobically Be able to contrast Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle Basic cellular structure Small and branched Long and unbranched Energy requirements usage Uses fatty acids Stored as glycogen All or none law Entire organ contracts or not A muscle fiber contracts at all completely or not at all Longer refractory period Shorter refractory period Refractory period In order explain the conducting system of the heart a Sinoatrial SA node in upper R atrium 70 80 bpm pacemaker of the heart actual normal heart rate is between 72 75 b Atrioventricular AV node in lower R atrium 40 60 bpm 0 04 seconds from the SA to AV node c d e AV bundle of His 30 bpm delay is 0 11 seconds total delay now is 0 15 which gives time for the atria to contract Right and left bundle branches 30 bpm spreads very fast Purkinje fibers in ventricular walls 30 bpm spreads very fast Explain the Pacemaker prepotential Depolarization Action Potential and Repolarization Phases and the ions that move to regulate them a Pacemaker potential Prepotential unstable resting membrane