BIOL 2002C 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I Blood Outline of Current Lecture I Agranulocytes and Granulocytes II WBC abnormalities III Clot formation and retraction IV Blood typing Current Lecture Granulocytes a Neutrophils polymorphonuclear multi nucleated purple granules contain lysozymes which rupture bacteria b Eosinophils bi lobed nucleus red granules important in allergies IgE antibody c Basophils blue black granules bi lobed nucleus similar to mast cells release histamine and heparin which help with the inflammatory response Agranulocytes a Lymphocytes smallest in size 2nd most common mostly found in lymphatic tissues there is 2 kinds T cells kill abnormal cell growth like cancer B cells produces antibodies b Monocytes largest macrophages in tissues phagocytize important in chronic disease i e their count will be higher WBCs can squeeze through capillaries and into body tissues diapedesis where they can cause inflammatory immune responses Move through amodeboid motion following trails of chemicals released by damaged cells chemotaxis 15 Discuss the process of Leukopoiesis including locations and stimulus These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Occurs in red bone marrow which produces 3 times as many WBC s as RBC s but granulocytes don t live nearly as long Begins with same hematopoietic cells as other blood cells come from These cells differentiate into blast cells which give rise to WBC s Glycoprotein hormones called cytokines stimulate leukopoiesis 2 kinds of cytokines produced by macrophages and T cells Interleukins produced as part of immune response Colony stimulating factors named for the type of WBC they stimulate produced in response to chemical signals in immune related cells 16 Know the terms for deficient or excess WBC s Leukopenia low WBC count below 4000 per mm3 Leukocytosis greater than 11 000 per mm3 Leukemia cancer of the WBC originates in the red bone marrow Acute blast cells affected advances fast children mostly but it responds to treatment best Chronic later cells affected advances slower adults affected more Mononucleosis caused when Epstein Barr virus infects Lymphocytes 17 Discuss the process of Thrombopoiesisand function of platelets The hormone Thrombopoietin a glycoprotein produced by the liver and kidneys through negative feedback stimulates production Release chemicals for blood clotting serotonin Ca 2 enzymes ADP PDGF plateletderived growth factor Thrombocytopenia Too low amount of platelets 50 000 mm 3 ThrombocytosisExcessive amount of platelets 500 000 mm3 19 5 HEMOSTASIS blood clotting Must have the proper amounts of thesethings in blood 1 platelets 2 in plasma calcium prothrombin fibrinogen clottingfactors made in liver circulate in inactive form 4 require Vit K see Table 19 3 18 Explain the three processes that can lead to Hemostasis a Vascular spasmcaused by vascular smooth muscle injury nervous system reflex chemicalsreleased by capillaryendothelialcells endothelin and platelets thromboxanes b Platelet plug formation Fig 19 9 occurs due to tissue damage to collagen fibers which attracts platelets Plateletsthensecrete seratonin enhancesvascularspasm ADP attracts more platelets and thromboxane doesboth Positive feedback Platelet adhesion occurswhen vonWillebrand factor connectscollagen and platelets Fibrinogenconnectsplateletstogether c Coagulation 19 Phase I Prothrombinase prothrombinactivator is made throughintrinsic or extrinsicpathway Phase II Prothrombinisactivated to Thrombin by prothrombinactivator Phase III Thrombin and Ca 2activate polymerize Fibrinogen to Fibrin Describe the regulation of clot formation with the intrinsic extrinsic and common pathways and how clots are removed Fig 19 11 Intrinsic occurs in blood inside damaged vessels comes in contact with collagen key factor is phospholipids released by platelets in plug Extrinsic occurs inblood outside vessels as in body tissues key factor is Thromboplastin Factor III released by damaged cells Bothpathwaysoccurthrough a series of activation reactions andrequires Ca 2 and clottingfactors Both end with production of activated factor X Common first step of Common Pathway The last step of Phase I isslowest It results in the production of prothrombinase Clot retraction Actin and myosin in platelets contract and squeeze out serum Blood vessel ends pulled together PDGF platelet derived growth factor released by platelets stimulates blood vessel wall healing Fibrinolysis dissolving of blood clots Plasmin enzyme which dissolves clots produced when plasminogen is activated by 1 tPA tissue plasminogen activator used to treat stroke and heart attack 2 Activated Factor XII 3 Thrombin 20 Describe how aspirin heparin and coumadin affect blood clotting Anti coagulant prevents blood clotting Heparin anti coagulant which inhibits thrombin and intrinsic pathway produced by basophils mast cells and endothelial cells Aspirin anti prostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane and therefore blocks platelet plug formation Coumadin warfarin interferes with vitamin K in clotting factor production Know these terms Thrombus clot in an unbroken vessel Embolus clot which breaks away from blood vessel wall and travels in blood stream 19 6 BLOOD GROUPING 21 Explain the basis of the ABO blood group system Fig 19 13 and how incompatibilities occur Fig 19 14 Describe agglutination and what is happening to cause it Based on the presence of glycoproteins or glycolipids called antigens or agglutinogens on the surface of RBC s Theseantigens serve as markers which help to distinguish one person scellsfromanother s 2 markers mostcommonlyused for blood typingbecause of the strongreactionstheyproduce are the ABO and Rh antigens A personwho has a certain type of ABO antigen Ag on his herRBC swillproduceantibodies Ab s agglutinins against the other type theseantibodies are proteinsthatwillbefoundin the blood plasma If an RBC Ag and the plasmaAbbindtogether itwill cause RBC s to clump a processcalled agglutination This isbadbecauseitclogs up the blood vessels and initiates hemolysis This causes a transfusionreaction whenreceiving the wrong blood type A person with thisBlood Type Has this Antigen s on their RBC s And this Antibody ies in their plasma A A B B B A AB A B None O None A B