PSYC 350 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 7 12 Lecture 7 2 12 Dissociative amnesia simple loss of memory due to psychological reasons like stress Dissociative fugue completely forgetting who you are and making a new identity physical cause Dissociative identity disorder the person has many personalities that operate independently also called multiple personality disorder Depersonalization disorder feeling mentally dethatched from the body 30 of people experience these problems It s only a disorder if it interferes with your daily life Dissociation is another word for repression Identity disorder is really due to suggestion people just think they have multiple personalities Lecture 8 2 17 Clinical depression is a widespread and serious problem Occurs in around 20 of women and 10 of men Four major symptoms listed in the DSM Mood thoughts of worthlessness hopelessness and loss of interest Memory trouble concentrating and slowed down thought process Physical weight either drastically goes up or down irregular sleep patterns fatigue Thoughts suicidal thoughts I m better off dead Nobody wants me here I should just go away All of these functions are controlled by the hypothalamus Masked depression a person has all the depression symptoms but misdiagnoses it as a physical illness Mike Wallace case Hallucinations and delusions are common Depression often occurs in children onset is in early adolescents or early adulthood It happens in cycles Major Depressive Disorder has at least two depressive episodes that last long enough with enough symptoms to disrupt the ability to function Dysthymic disorder is a lower level of MDD only two symptoms are necessary people use the phrase not happy instead of depressed and blame it on situational factors Postpartum depression has the same symptoms as MDD but occurs within one month after childbirth Victims have trouble bonding with the child and may be suicidal Andrea Yates drowned all 5 of her children and was imprisoned Depression is more common in women because women are more prone to stress and estrogen has a different response to stress on them Hormonal changes in early adulthood make depression more likely Higher depression rates are in lower social classes because they face more stress financially socially and healthfully Differences in cultures are usually doe to differences in stress and diet Stress decreases the serotonin level Lecture 9 2 19 Seasonal Affective Disorder mood changes with the seasons same symptoms as MDD depressions falls from summer to fall and rises from winter to spring Premenstrual dysphoric disorder depression associated with the menstrual cycle in women very common some women cope with it better than others some argue it should be listed in the DSM Psychotherapy is interpersonal therapy where people get help in finding solutions The cognitive approach says that depression is due to incorrect beliefs about your self that stem from bad early experiences Early research supports this you ll feel down after watching a sad movie Cognitive styles the tendencies to blame yourself and expect that one negative event will lead to another Cognitive behavior therapy or CBT corrects beliefs and is effective in about 60 of patients CBT can change brain activity responsible for attention reward seeking and emotion monitoring CBT is most effective for mild to moderate depression The physiological approach says depression is due to underactivity in the brain structures responsible for mood low levels of neurotransmitters Norepinephrine and serotonin are the two hormones in the hypothalamus that cause depression when they are too low The hypothalamus controls sleep appetite sex and mood all of which impact depression level Thinking occurs in the frontal lobes which slows down when the nerve tracts don t pass enough serotonin Tryptophan is converted into serotonin so it is encouraged to have a balanced tryptophan diet Antidepressant drugs help to increase serotonin levels but they take several weeks to work and people tend to stop taking them because they think they re defective Receptor sites take a while to be recharged Dopamine is the neurotransmitter in the pleasure center of the brain and regulates pleasure 60 of the brain is omega 3 fatty acids Omega 3 explains the link between depression and heart attacks more of it reduces depression and the risk of a heart attack Strokes in the left prefrontal cortex increase chance of prolonged depression There is a very high risk of depression if you have a family history of it Serotonin is released by the presynaptic neuron St John s Wort is an over the counter drug that allegedly treats depression Some say it s better because it is plant based but it s not that strong Tricyclists block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine Lecture 10 2 24 Bipolar disorder has alternating episodes of mania and depression Mania euphoria irritability self esteem fast thought process You feel wonderful and don t realize that you re ill Hypomania is a low level of mania that precedes the high level Rapid cycling going between mania and depression within minutes Mixed state you feel depressed and manic at the same time impossible to function Bipolar is equally common in both genders People are more creative than normal when they re manic Unstable brain activity is the physiological cause The biggest cause is genetics You are 10x more likely to be bipolar if you have an immediate relative with it NRG1 is the gene responsible Lithium is a mood stabilizer that is commonly used as treatment but it has side effects like shaking Anticonvulsants are not approved to treat bipolar mainly epilepsy but it is used for bipolar anyway and doesn t have serious side effects Antipsychotics help ease delusions The problem with drug treatment is that one drug won t work forever because the brain function is constantly changing Bipolar patients tend to stop taking medication because they feel better hate the side effects or miss the mania high ECT electroconvulsive therapy a cheap treatment that only works sometimes Lecture 11 2 26 Momo Amine Oxidase Inhibitors MAOI s reduce the destruction of serotonin MAOI s can cause strokes when combined with tyramine which is found in many common foods and medications Atypical antidepressants increase dopamine in the pleasure center and does not disrupt sexual functioning The controversial question of antidepressants is that it works no better than placebo s Do not combine