ANT 103 1st EditionExam #1 Study GuideChapter 1 questions:1. Every social interaction is mediated by language. True/False2. The Nepalese bridegroom from Junigau, Khim Prasad had to ask his newly wedded wife three times for rice for their wedding guests because (only pick one): a. According to traditional Junigau culture, a polite request has to be made in several repetitions.b. According to traditional Junigau culture, the wedding guests should not be served ricec. He was supposed to make his request using more polite languaged. He was supposed to address his wife by using linguistic style commonly used in addressing an animal3. The pounded rice ritual shows that gender relations in Junigau, Nepal are (only pick one):a. Relatively egalitarian since women do not have to abide their husbands’ requestsb. Junigau men are so committed to the idea of male superiority that a groom takes the first opportunity during the marriage ceremony to put down his wifec. Even though males seem to have superior status, women can wield power by refusing them foodd. The Pounded Rice Ritual offers an opportunity for local gender hierarchies that emphasize male superiority to be reproduced.4. Based on the description of the Pounded Rice Ritual, what does one need to know, aside from grammatical rules, in order to be able to use language in socially appropriate ways?Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics5. Describe in no more than one sentence each of these five basic components of language: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics. Phonology: the study of sound in languageMorphology: the study of the internal structure of wordsSyntax: the study of sentence structureSemantics: the study of meaning in language, including the meaning of words in sentencesPragmatics: the study of language use and how they emerge in social contexts6. According to Basso, what kind of Western Apache speaking practice helps the Western Apache to solidify their social relations and their notions of wisdom and morality? Speaking with names7. Marjorie Goodwin’s study shows that boys and girls use language in two completely different ways. True/False 8. Why did Puerto Ricans in Urciuoli’s research codeswitch between Spanish and English while playing sports with their African American neighbors but not in conversation with a social worker? Switching between Spanish and English with the neighbors came more easily to them. Social workers had a higher status that reinforced the line between the two languages. Language use both reflects and sometimes reinforces difference in status.9. List the four key terms that Ahearn identifies as providing insight into the socially embedded nature of language and the linguistically mediated nature of social life.MultifunctionalityLanguage ideologiesPracticeIndexicality 10. What does the term, “multifunctionality” mean as applied to language? It refers to all the different work language does. It does more than label objects and concepts.11. List the six functions identified in Jakobson’s multifunctionality model. What is the focus of each?a. An utterance directed toward the speaker is expressiveb. An utterance directed toward the addressee is conativec. An utterance directed toward a third person is referentiald. An utterance directed toward itself is poetic (ex: “I like Ike”)e. An utterance directed toward the channel that carries it is phatic (ex: “testing 1,2,3,…)f. An utterance directed toward language itself is metalinguistic (ex: “do you understand what I just said?”12. Give an example of things that people accomplish with words other than describing events or labeling objects or concepts.People use language to express how they feel about something that happened (ex: “ouch”)13. Briefly define language ideologies. What kinds of phenomena does this concept help us to study and understand?Language ideologies are the attitudes, opinions, beliefs, or theories that we all have about language. They can be about language as a whole, particular languages, particular linguistic structures, or language use.14. What is the basic idea underlying practice theory?It is a paradox that language, culture, and society all apparently have a preexisting reality but at the same time are very much the products of individual humans’ words and actions. 15. Ahearn discusses the concept of indexicality which is crucial to identifying the ways in which language and social relations intersect. Indexical sign is defined as a perceived co-occurrence between an object (such as fire) and its sign (such as smoke) in the same context. With regard to language and social relations, we can, for example, communicate our place of origin by the way we pronounce words (“accent”) without ever making an actual statement such as, “I’m from Brooklyn, New York.” Can you think about another example of indexicality in language such thatthe ways people use language tell us something about the speakers?Another example is the slang word “hella.” If someone says this frequently we can tell they are from northern California. 16. Identify the ways in which three types of linguistic signs: icon, index, and symbol, each relate to their object (one word identifying each sign is enough). Icon: similarityIndex: spatialSymbol: habitChapter 2 questions:1. Based on the chapter, give an example of research question formulated in linguistic anthropology.How does the use of Spanish and English among Puerto Ricans shed light on unequalracial, ethnic, political, and economic relations in New York City?2. (True/false?) As the research gets underway, the specific formulations of its research questions may change. 3. (BONUS) If you were to conduct research in linguistic anthropology, what kind of research question would interest you?4. How are quantitative data different from qualitative data?Quantitative can be counted, and qualitative looks in depth at behavior and cannot be counted.5. What is “participant observation”?It is part of ethnographic research. It is the intensive, in depth immersion in the group/s being studied. Anthropologists become fluent in the language, and become familiar with social norms, cultural meanings, and linguistic practices. 6. How do linguistic anthropologists use interviews in their research?They can be structured, semi-structured, or open-ended. They gather general background information about cultural norms and social practices in their research