ANT 103 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last LectureHuman vs animal communication day 2I. Communication/languageA. Ability to communicate beyond here and now. B. Capacity for metacommunicationII. Two theories of the emergence of human languageA. Environmental adaptionB. Social adaptionC. Oldowan culturOutline of Current Lecture I. Reciprocal altruismII. What is communicationIII. What is a signIV. 3 ways signs may “stand for something”V. Types of communicationCurrent LectureReciprocal altruism is how two people build trust between themselves. Communication is making, circulating, receiving, and interpreting signs.A sign is something that stands to someone for something in some respect or capacity.There are three ways a sign can stand for something. A sign can resemble something (icon). It can point to something (index). Or there can be a social agreement that x means y (symbol). These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.This third one can be a bit confusing. All it means is that groups of people decide that something (like a red cross) is going to represent something else (like the blood donation company). Just remember this: icon=resemblance, index=pointing, and social conventions=symbol. Uncle Sam is a good example of this. He is an icon because he resembles America with his red white and blue colors. He is an index because he is actually pointing at the audience for recognition, and he is a symbol because Americans associate him with patriotism. Tornado warning signs are indexical because they stand in one specific place and get depict a simple yet important message.There are three types of communication. The first is animal communication, the second is mimesis (imitation), and the final one is language (protolanguage with