GEOG 101 1st Edition Lecture 16Outline of Last Lecture I. Hydrosphere and biogeochemical cyclesII. The Water Cyclei. Soil moistureii. Groundwateriii. AquifersOutline of Current LectureI. The Water CycleII. Biogeochemical CyclesIII. The Carbon CycleIV. The LithosphereV. The Tectonic CycleLectureI. The Water Cycle-The Water Cycle is one of many biogeochemical cycles. Water transports sediments. Other geochemicals cycle as sediments in water. All geochemicals also pass through the biosphere.-Groundwater recharge- the rate depends on the rate of runoff, evaporation, and transpiration. There is spatial variability in groundwater recharge-discharge relationships.-Transpiration rate depends upon both vegetation and climate characteristics.II. Biogeochemical Cycles-Biogeochemical Cycles link to the rock cycle through sedimentary rocks. -Rates of movement vary significantly within different components of all biogeochemical cycles. The activity in the biosphere is the quickest, then atmosphere (gases), then hydrosphere (liquids), then lithosphere (solids). III. The Carbon Cycle-The Carbon Cycle regulates global climate, over long and short timescales. There are two carbon cycles, distinguished by rates of change. The long one is mostly in the subsurface and lithosphere, and then comes out from volcanoes or becomes sediment in the ocean.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-The Short Carbon Cycle buffers seasonal to decadal fluctuations. Seasonal CO2 release makes winters warmer.-Humans have affected all biogeochemical cycles. Long carbon cycle: Affected by fossil fuel use. Short carbon cycle: affected by land-use change. Example: cutting down rainforests to increase farmland.IV. The Lithosphere-The Lithosphere is the solid, non-living Earth. The lithosphere is 97.7% of Earth’s mass. The lithosphere is the relatively thin, solid outer layer of Earth’s interior. It is thickest under continents. It is constantly changing because convection causes lighter materials to rise and denser materials to sink. Change in the lithosphere happens slowly from a human perspective, because humans have only been around for a short amount of time based on allthe other geological time periods.-Key events in Earth’s history: first life, photosynthesis, oxygen atmosphere, vertebrates, humans.-How are geological events dated? Relative dating: stratigraphyAbsolute dating: many techniques mostly based on radioactive decay rates.V. The Tectonic Cycle-The tectonic cycle: The continuous movement of new material into the crust, and old material back to the