GEOG 101Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7-10Lecture 7 (February 2)Earth’s Energy BudgetDescribe the differences between radiative forcing, cloud albedo forcing, and cloud greenhouse forcing.Radiative Forcing: Something is causing change in the atmosphereCloud albedo forcing: Clouds are making albedo happen. Lught is reflected back into space off of cloudsCloud greenhouse forcing: Energy is trapped between a cloud layer and the surface, like a blanket. Also known as the greenhouse effect.Know these key terms -Physical geographic patterns and processes are apparent over different:Spatial extents- a scale in terms of areaTemporal periods- a scale in terms of time-Slope aspect affects local angle of isolation-Albedo affects energy absorption and reflection at local to global scales.-At local scales, albedo can cause unusually high or low temperatures-Solar energy decreases by latitude. There is always an energy surplus at the tropics, and a deficit in the higher latitudes.Lecture 8 (February 4)What does Earth’s rotation have to do with Atmospheric circulation? Why do winds curve? Earth’s Rotation causes the troposphere to form three circulation cells per hemisphere.-You can expect high/low pressure in specific latitudinal bands.-The pressure bands are about 5 degrees latitude wide.Wind Curve: Winds curve because of two forces. Surface wind speed increases as pressure gradients decrease.1. The Coriolis Effect is produced by Earth’s rotation. It appears to curve.2. The Friction Force slows surface winds, causing them to curve.-Northern hemisphere: clockwise around highs, counterclockwise around lows. -Southern hemisphere: opposite of Northern hemisphere. Lecture 9 (February 6)How are clouds formed? What are the 4 different kinds of uplift? What is absolute humidity compared to relative humidity?Clouds-Indicate the condensation of water vapor from the atmosphere. If enough condensation occurs, precipitation happens.-For clouds to form, air must be cooled and lifted. -For water to change, heat energy must be converted or released.-Clouds are made of tiny droplets of liquid water.Uplif-Convectional uplif: stronger over cities-Convergent uplif: Once the circulation gets going, it’s a convergent uplift. The air has to go up.-Orographic uplif: Happens with the physical interaction of wind and a mountain. The wind can’t go around or through the mountain, so it has to go up. -Frontal uplif: What happens when two air masses collide- one must go up.Humidity: -Condensation and deposition decrease absolute humidity.-Evaporation and sublimation increase absolute humidity.1. Absolute humidity: The water vapor content of air. There are different measures of absolute humidity. -Specific humidity: The mass of water vapor per mass of air.-Saturation specific humidity: The amount of specific humidity for an air parcel of a given temperature.2. Relative humidity: the amount of water vapor relative to the maximum amount a parcel could hold at a given temperature.Lecture 10 (February 9)What is the dew point temperature? How does dew and frost form? What is orographic uplift, and what forms of uplift produce which kinds of weather?Dew Point Temperature (DPT): For an air parcel it is the temperature at which it reaches the SSH (saturation specific humidity).-Air temperature is always above the DPT unless RH=100%, when AT=DPTDew and Frost form when there is a clear night following a day with high RH.-Dew= condensation, Frost= deposition-When the temperature is less than 32 degrees Fahrenheit frost forms, and the opposite for dew.Orographic Uplif produces precipitation patterns around mountains.-Rain shadow is the dry area on the leeward side of a mountain.-Mid latitude rain shadows are on the East side of mountains. It’s the opposite for tropical latitudes.Other forms of uplif produce weatherSubtropical= monsoon, convective uplift, and thermal lowsMid latitude= cyclonesTropical= cyclones/hurricanes/typhoonsLecture 11 (February 11)What are the different cloud shapes and what weather is associated with them? What are the differences between the three fronts? How are mid-latitude cyclones formed?CloudsCirrus: Curly or fibrous shape; high altitude cloud. Stratus: Flat or layered shape.Cumulus: Puffy and/or piled: Moderate uplift.Nimbus: Produces precipitation.-Cumulonimbus: strong uplift (cold front). Often bring intense storms andtowering clouds.-Nimbostratus: dull, often featureless like fog. Gentle uplift (warm front)Fog: ground-level stratus clouds. Forms when air temperature is very near dew point, and water vapor enters the air.Fronts: When air masses meet this is called a front.Cold Front: Steep slope: narrow band of frontal weather. Cold air mass movesinto warm air and warm air is abruptly lifted.-Weather with cold fronts: the temperature goes from warm to getting colder. Precipitation: intense thunderstorms.Warm Front: Gentle uplift: wide band of frontal weather. The warm air mass is active. Weather: cool to sudden warmth. Precipitation: before the front there are showers, snow, sleet, and after; clear weather.Occluded Front: When a cold front overtakes a warm front. Combination of both weather patterns. Mid-latitude Cyclone formation-Warm and cold fronts are connected in mid-latitude cyclones. Weather conditions are predictable. -Polar front: where most mid-latitude storms form. Storms form mainly in the west and mature as they move east.-Sometimes there are variations in tropospheric atmospheric pressure which changes and the fronts start spinning.-Cold fronts move faster than warm fronts and form occluded fronts.-Mid-latitude cyclones form in waves along the polar