GC 170 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I Energy Budget and phase changes a Incoming outgoing energy i Reflected Absorbed b Greenhouse gases i Warmer Temp ii Melting Ice caps c Convection in atmosphere II States of matter a Warm cold b Cold warm III Definition of Latent Heat a Example of dry desert Outline of Current Lecture II The Global Energy Budget a Air Temperature b Incoming Outgoing radation III Global Heat Transfer a Atmospheric circulation i Hadley Cell circulation b Convergence divergence c Polar front zone d Jet stream e Upper atmospheric change IV Ocean circulation a Gyre i Surface winds ii Coriolis effect Current Lecture I The Global Energy Budget a Incoming radiation varies depending on latitude i Low high low ii At the poles the radiation is spread over a larger area Less energy per unit area These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II iii Most radiation at the equator iv Air Temperature is similar but there is a bigger variability 1 Affected by variation in earths reflectivity and albedo cloud cover b Outgoing radiation also varies but not nearly as much as incoming i Surplus of energy at the equator gets redistributed towards the north south 1 If this did not happen the equator would be too hot and the poles would be freezing ii Weather and climate in troposphere have to do with redistribution global heat transfer from the equator to the poles Global Heat Transfer a Atmospheric circulation i Hadley Cell circulation 1 Incoming solar radiation goes down towards earth 2 Heats up ocean and land 3 Warm air rises convection and uplift through humid air and water vapor 4 Convergence Area of low pressure at the surface surface winds move towards this area 5 Equator Intertropical Convergence zone 6 Divergence Cool air sinks from up in the troposphere a Surface winds flow away at the surface which creates high pressure b At areas of high pressure warm air diverges at the surface i Prevents condensation cloud formation ii Environment becomes very dry desert 7 Polar Front zone a Zone of converging air from equator and poles i Very cold and dense air ii Air flows away from north pole iii Warm air rises up cool air sinks below warm air 8 Jet Stream a Current of upper level winds moving west to east i Pushes storms across the polar front b Caused by strong temperature and pressure gradient in upper atmosphere c Changing with warming temperatures i Poles are warming relative to the equator ii Less temperature gradient between poles and equator iii Becoming wavier iv Moves slower weather patterns becoming more persistent ii Upper Atmosphere phase change 1 Condensation releases heat to the environment gas liquid in cloud form a Warm air rises near equator convection b Water vapor condenses release heat c Warm air moves towards poles cooling in the process d Cool air sinks at 30 degrees north and south subsidence b Ocean circulation i Cold Pacific off the coast of California brings cold water away from poles ii Gulf stream brings warm water north from equator iii Each ocean has a gyre circular pattern of surface currents 1 Clockwise in northern hemisphere 2 Counterclockwise in southern hemisphere 3 Driven by a Surface winds i Create friction with ocean 1 Wind drags or pushes ocean surface 2 Influences the direction of surface currents b Coriolis effect i Deflects the direction of surface current to the right in the northern hemisphere ii To the left in the southern hemisphere c Warm water is moved away from the equator d Cold water moved away from poles 4 Convergence piling up of water in the middle of a gyre a Downwelling sinking of upper layers 5 Divergence water pulled away from coast by surface currents a Upwelling of water from below