BCOR 12 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I Human Welfare Plants II Seed plant reproduction vs Spore dispersing plants III Life Cycle of Gymnosperm IV Shared Derived Characters of Angiosperms V Structure of Idealized Flower VI Flower Fruit Outline of Current Lecture I Eukaryotic Kingdoms II Animal Shared Derived Characters III 3 Main Groups of Animals and the simple Phylogenetic Tree IV Animal Body Plans V Bilaterians VI 5 Points Agreement of Animal Phylogenetics Current Lecture Eukaryotic Kingdoms There are 8 eukaryotic kingdoms Most eukaryotes are single cell protists Opisthokonts a eukaryotic super kingdom Includes o Animals o Fungi These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o Choanoflagellates First animals arose in the Proterozoic eon 800 MYA Animal multicellular heterotrophic eukaryote Animals arose before plants but plants migrated to land first Animal Shared Derived Characters Nervous and muscular tissues are unique to animals Tissues groups of cells with a specialized function Animal cells lack cell walls but we find an extracellular matrix that is mostly collagen o Collagen functions provides structural support for animals cells protein Hox genes control sequential embryonic development of animals Gastrulation a series of cell and tissue movements during embryonic development I Bastula stage hollow ball of cells embryo falls inward cells move into the hollow center II Formation of gastrula 2 3 layered embryo 3 Main Groups of Animals and the simple Phylogenetic Tree Image from https bioweb uwlax edu bio203 f2013 kehoe grac spider template images major 20clades png Above is a simplified phylogenetic tree of the animals and their closest ancestors Choanoflagellates are flagellated protists and they look very similar to the most ancient animal the sponge s cells The animal category circled above can be split into three main categories I Sponges II Cnidarians III Bilaterians Animal Body Plans Animals can be categorized by their body plan Body plan a set of morphological and development traits integrated into a functional whole whole the multicellular animal Symmetry radial bilateral Radial symmetry can slice the animal multiple ways and have the animal be the same on all sides and have two tissue layers diploblastic o Example jellyfish Bilateral symmetry has a left and right side and have three tissues layer triploplastic o Example lobster Diploblastic endoderm inner layer exoderm outer layer Triploblastic endoderm exoderm mesoderm middle layer Cnidarians radial symmetric diploblastic Bilaterians majority of animals and triploblastic Bilaterians Categorized into 2 Major Groups I Protosomes mollusks annelids worms a Spiral cleavage the cleavage planes during embryonic development do not line up b Determinate the development fate of each cell is cast early in development II Deuterostomes echinoderms chordates a Radial cleavage cleavage during development do line up b Indeterminate cell produced early in embryogenesis has not yet been determined i This is what causes identical twins this indeterminate quality Animal phylogeny has changed a lot due to molecular data 5 Points Agreement of Animal Phylogenetics Metazons animals I II III IV V All animals share a common ancestor Sponges are basal animals most ancient Eumetozoa is a clade of animals with true tissues Most animal phyla are bilateria Vertebrates and other chrodates belong to the clade Deuterostomia