LINGUIS 101 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 8 This guide is to help you focus your studying Of course anything we covered in class could be on the exam The exam covers material from the Introduction and Phonetics sections only Phonology is not included on this exam Be able to explain the difference between the following The five subcomponents of linguistics phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics o Phonetics scientific study of the inventory and structure of the sounds of human language not all sounds of humans can make are part of language o Phonology how sounds pattern in language and are organized in mind o Morphology structure of words o Syntax structure of sentences o Semantics meaning of words and sentences Prescriptive and descriptive grammar o Descriptive grammar goal is to discover what rules people actually know and describe them o Prescriptive grammar goal is to tell people what rules they should know Attempting to change people s linguistic behavior Competence and performance o Linguistic competence is what we know o Linguistic performance is using the knowledge in actual speech production comprehension Acoustic phonetics articulatory phonetics auditory phonetics o Acoustic phonetics physical properties of sound waves produced in speech o Articulatory phonetics physiological mechanisms of speech production o Auditory phonetics perception of sound including what happens in the ear auditory nerve and brain during speech perception Segments and features Broad and narrow transcription o Broad transcription showing only information that is important for encoding meaning contrasts o Narrow transcription show detail not relevant to meaning contrasts Pitch used as tone and intonation length volume stress These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o Pitch intonation a pitch modulation signals grammatical or semantic information above the world level o Pitch tone single syllable words which differ only in pitch have different meanings o Length segment length may signal word meaning contrasts o Loudness volume no language is known to use loudness alone to single word meaning contrasts but loudness may be used as one component of indicating stressed versus unstressed syllables o Stress perceived prominence of a syllable in a multi syllable word Auditory vocal and visual gestural modality o Auditory vocal languages spoken languages o Visual gestural languages sign language Be able to describe in detail how the following sounds are articulated Voiced and voiceless sounds o State of the glottis voiced vocal folds are vibrating signaled but a squiggly line voiceless vocal folds are not vibrating signaled by a straight line Nasal and oral sounds o Whether or not air is flowing through the nasal cavity oral velum raised no airflow through nasal cavity nasal velum lowered air flows through nasal cavity Aspirated and unaspirated stops o Aspirated vocal folds remain in the voiceless position for some time into the articulation of the vowel o Unaspirated vocal folds start vibrating as soon as the following vowels begin Stops fricatives affricates o Stop complete closure in the oral cavity or at the glottis completely stops the airflow o Fricative articulators are very close together producing high degree of structure but airflow is not stopped o Affricate complete closure like a stop but followed by a slow release to fricative position cannot be identified by just one picture Rounded and unrounded vowels o Whether or not the lips are rounded Pulmonic egressive sounds o Most sounds in the world s languages are pulmonic egressive air is pushed out of the lungs by the diaphragm Velaric ingressive sounds clicks o The lungs are not moving the air you are using a combination of your velum and tongue to get the air moving o Non speech sounds kissing tisk tisk o Back of tongue is pressed up against the velum front of the tongue makes stop closure in front of mouth air is trapped in space between body of tongue is lowered increasing enclosed space and rarifying air front closure is released causing air to rush into mouth Be able to Label a diagram of the articulators lips teeth alveolar ridge Give the four phonetic parameters of an English speech sound o For consonants place manner voicing nasality o For vowels tongue height tongue advancement tenseness lip rounding Read IPA transcription of English words and give the English spelling Identify a speech sound by looking at a picture of a sagittal section of the vocal tract Say what phonetic class a group of sounds belongs to Say what articulatory process has taken place in a given sound change o Assimilation becomes like its neighbors Progressive a feature spreads forward Regressive a feature spreads backward Intervocalic interconsonantal a segment picks up a feature of surround VCV or CVC o Dissimilation when one segment becomes less like a neighbor o Deletion schwa in English is often deleted when the following syllable is stressed disappearing of a sound o Insertion epenthesis when the sound get inserted in a particular type of environment o Metathesis reordering of segments o Vowel reduction weakening an unstressed vowel is articulated more toward the center of the vowel space Give and describe the five articulatory parameters used in sign language o Hand shape shape of the hand open shape with fingers spread together or a fist etc o Palm orientation which way the palm is facing relative to the signers body o Location the location of the land relative to the signers body o Movement some signs are static you put your hand in a place and leave it there and other signs require movement back and forth or circular etc o Non manual markers facial expression as well as other types of body language Understand the strong version of the Sapir Whorf hypothesis linguistic determinism and know what modern linguists think of this hypothesis o Sapir whorf linguistic determinism the language we speak determines how we perceive and think about the world language acts like a filter on reality o The strong version linguistic determinism is false people s thoughts and perceptions are not determined by the words and structures of their language