BIOL 120 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture II Water a Hydrogen bonds hydrophilic hydrophobic cohesion adhesion III Reactions a Acid base salt buffer chemical equilibrium endothermic reaction exothermic reaction Redox oxidation reduction IV Energy a Energy potential energy kinetic thermal energy heat first law of thermodynamics Gibbs free energy change exergonic endergonic V Some key terms to know a Solution solvent solute aqueous solution molecular weight molarity VI Chemical Building Blocks start of chapter 3 a Organic compound isomer structural isomer stereoisomer enantiomer Outline of Current Lecture II Macromolecules a monomer polymer dehydration reaction hydrolysis III Carbohydrates a monosaccharides polysaccharides Aldose ketose Glycosidic linkage glycogen cellulose starch Chitin Peptidoglycan glycoproteins Current Lecture II Macromolecules A Monomer a small similar chemical subunit 1 i e glucose nucleotides amino acids glycerol B Polymer built by bonding monomers 1 i e Carbohydrates nucleic acids proteins lipids These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute C Bonding reactions 1 Dehydration reaction anabolic the formation of large molecules polymers by the removal of water 2 Hydrolysis Catabolic breakdown of polymers by the addition of water II Carbohydrates A Key Concepts 1 Sugars and other carbs have a variety of structures a monosaccharides one sugar molecule b Polysaccharides many sugar molecules i joined by different glyosidic linkages bonds involving sugar 2 Functions a raw material for synthesizing other molecules b provide cell structural support can indicate cell I D c store chemical energy needed for cell functions d Molar ration C H O 1 2 1 B Monosaccharides 1 Structure depends on a Location of the carbonyl group i Aldose found at the end of the monosaccharide i e Glucose ii Ketose found in the middle of the monosaccharide i e Fructose b Number of carbon atoms present i Triose 3 carbon atoms ii Pentose 5 carbon atoms iii Hexose 6 carbon atoms c Spatial arrangement of their atoms how the OH is placed d Linear and alternative ring forms shapes C Polysaccharides 1 Structure a polysaccharide complex carbohydrates polymers of monosaccharide monomers b simplest is a disaccharide made of two monosaccharide monomers can be identical or different i used to transport sugar or energy storage i e sucrose lactose maltose c Glycosidic linkage a covalent bond between two hydroxyl groups occurring from a dehydration reaction that causes simple sugars to polymerize i can form between any two hydroxyl groups making the location of these bonds vary ii Glycogen the sugar used by animals to store energy a composed of alpha glucose bonding at carbon 1 carbon 4 highly branched iii cellulose compose plant cell walls a composed of beta glucose bonding at carbon 1 and carbon 4 iv Starch used by plant cells similar to glycogen but has 2 forms a amylose composed only of alpha glucose bonding at carbon 1 and 4 unbranched b Amylopectin is structured like glycogen branched v Chitin a structural polymer found in fungi cell walls some algae and many animal exoskeletons a comprised of N acetylglucosamine NAc monomers vi Peptidoglycan provide structural support for bacterial cell walls vii Starch and glycogen are hydrolyzed to released glucose a the hydrolysis of an alpha glycosidic linkage in glycogen is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphorylase i most animal cells contain this enzyme b the alpha glycosidics in starches are hydrolyzed by amylase key role in carbohydrate digestion 2 Glycoproteins cell Identity A glycoproteins proteins joined to carbohydrates by covalent bonds each cell in the body has one i key molecules in cell recognition and cell cell signaling sugars are attached to protein molecules 3 Carbohydrates and Energy Storage A Carbs provide and store chemical energy in cells i cell respiration is used to break down CH bonds for ATP that the cell can use for energy ii photosynthesis is used to produce sugars from the energy of the sun into CH bonds in carbohydrates B When cells need energy carbs go through an exergonic reaction that creates ATP i this energy is then used to drive endergonic reactions for used for cell work C Fiber i indigestible complex carbs found in planets