Ch. 1 (4 questions)- Anatomical planeso Frontal/Coronal  divides body into anterior/posterioro Midsagittal  divides body into equal left and right portionso Transverse  divides body into superior/inferioro Standard anatomical position  palms facing out with pinkies medial, toespointed straight ahead, standing up (posterior/inferior) - Directional termso Superior/inferior  above/belowo Anterior/posterior  front/backo Ventral/dorsal  related to cavitieso Medial/lateral  midline/sideso Proximal/distal  closest/farthest from attachment pointo Superficial/deep  surface/deeper- Positive and negative feedback mechanismso Positive Feedback  Response enhances original stimulus Labor contractions, blood clotting o Negative Feedback Response reduces or shuts off stimulus Regulation of body temperature, control of glucose by insulin- Regions of the abdominopelvic cavityo Abdominal cavity: small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, stomacho Pelvic cavity: genitals, urinary bladder, rectumo R. Hypochondriac Region | Epigastric region | L. Hypochondriac RegionGallbladder/liver/kidney | liver/stomach/pancreas | spleen/colon/liver/sm.ino R. Lumbar Region | Umbilical Region | L. Lumbar RegionColon/lover/kidney/sm.in | kidneys | colon/kidney/sm.ino R. Iliac Region | Hypogastric Region | L. Iliac RegionSm.in | urinary bladder/sm. In./femail repro | sm.in./colonCh. 2 (5 questions)- Chemical bondso Covalent Strongest chemical bond Electrons shared between atoms in order to achieve stability (octet rule) Single, double, triple bonds Polar vs. Non-polar- One has partial (-), one has partial (+)- H+ - O- - H+ polar colvalent- O = C = O nonpolar bond o Ionic Formed when valence electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another- Cations (+): atoms that lose electrons- Anions (-): atoms that gain electrons - Ex) sodium ion (Na+) and chloride ion (Cl-)  sodium chloride(NaCl)o Hydrogen Weakest bonds Bonds between different ends of polar molecules  Ex) the O- connects to the H+ in H2O- Chemical reactionso Types Synthesis (combination) - Chemical bonds are formed - Require energy, traps energy - A + B  AB- Anabolic = constructiveo Ex) joining small molecules called amino acids into largeprotein molecules - Example: Dehydration (condensation) Reaction Decomposition- Chemicals being broken down - Catabolic = destructive, energy released o Occurs when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms- AB  A + B- Example: Hydrolysis  Exchange (displacement)- Chemical bonds being both formed and broken down - Both synthesis and decomposition- AB + C  AC + B Oxidation-Reduction- Electrons exchanging - LEO says GER- Often involves gain/loss of hydrogen atoms - Nucleic acidso DNA: in all living cells, carries organism’s hereditary information. Double helixo RNA: contains ribose and the bases A, G, C, U. Carries out DNA’s instructions for protein synthesis. Single strand o Rules of complementarity (base pairing rules) A-T C-G- pH: measures H+, hydrogen concentrationo pH scaleo Acids: donate H+, proton donorso Bases: take up H+, proton acceptorso Buffers: minimized changes in pH by releasing or binding with hydrogen ionso Acidic: higher H+o Basic: lower H+ Ch. 3 (4 questions)- Cell cycle (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)o Define and describe what happens during Interphase- Nondividing phase of cell- Consist of G1, S, and G2 subphases- S phase: DNA replicates- G2: the final preparations for division are made  Cell division Mitosis: consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase- Prophaseo Cells prepare to divideo Centrioles get into placeo Chromosomes condenseo Nuclear envelope dissolves - Metaphaseo Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell- Anaphaseo Chromosomes are pulled apart by the centrioles- Telophaseo The chromosomes are at each end of the cell Cytokinesis- The cell divides into 2 o Membrane transport Active process: require energy, ATP must be present- Active transport: low concentration gradient  high (against concentration gradient) - Primary: directly require ATPo Hydrolysis of ATP results in the phosphorylation of the transport proteino Causes protein to change its shape in such a manner that it pumps the bound solute across the membrane - Secondary: doesn’t require energy, but only occurs if primary established a concentration gradient - Vesicular transport: things brought into, exported, moved within cell o Exocytosis: moves substances out of the cello Endocytosis: moves substances into the cell Phagocytosis: engulfs large or solid material  Pinocytosis: drinks small liquid particles Receptor mediated: large amts of one substanceo Transcytosis: in, through, and out of cello Vesicular trafficking: mvmt of substances within a singular cell  Passive process: without requiring any energy - Diffusion: high concentration gradient  low concentration gradiento Simple diffusion: moving down the concentration gradient without help (non polar & lipid-soluble substances through the lipid bilayer) Osmosis: the diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane (H2O) Dialysis: diffusion of solutes through semipermeable membrane (salt)o Facilitated diffusion: provide mechanisms to move but no energy  Ex) channel/pore transport  Binds to protein carriers in the membrane and ___ across Move through water filled protein channels - Filtration: high  low pressureo Osmolarity Isotonic solution: same solute/water concen Hypertonic solution: higher concen of solutes outside than inside cell (cell shrink) Hypotonic solution: lower concen of solutes outside cell than inside cell (cell bursts)o Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum- Smooth ER: lipid/steroid synthesis, detoxifies drugs (good & bad) and alcohols, transports cellular substances - Rough ER: have ribosomes in them, protein synthesis, and storeprotein  Golgi apparatus: packages and refines proteins, makes lysosomes  Lysosomes: contains powerful digestive enzymes, break down cell debree/foreign substances  Mitochondria: cellular respiration, makes energy (ATP)  Ribosomes: protein synthesis, composed of RNA and DNA o Transcription and translation Know generally what happens during each process Where they occur What the end