Chapter 1 Anatomical planes: their names, sections they divide the body into Frontal (coronal): front and back Median (midsaggital): right and left Transverse: top and bottom  Body cavities: names and what they contain Dorsal (brain and spinal cord) Cranial (brain only) Vertebral (spinal) (spinal cord only) Ventral Cavity (neck  privates) Thoracic (chest)- Mediastinum (esophagus, thymus, trachea)- Pleural (lungs)- Pericardial (heart) Abdominopelvic (peritoneal) - Abdominal (liver, spleen, stomach, sm./lg. intestines, gallbladder)- Pelvic (bladder, genitalia)- Retroperitoneal (touch body’s back wall) (kidney, pancreas, adrenal glands, duodenum, inferior vena cava) Mediastinum (upper portion of ventral body cavity) Heart can be in this Most specifically the heart is in the pericardial The heart will be part of the mediastinum when with the trachea, esophagus, larynx, and thyroid Diaphragm: skeletal muscle between the thoracic and abdominopelvic Directional terms:  Superior/inferior: upper/lower Anterior/posterior: front/back  Ventral/dorsal: front/back Proximal/distal: closer to the point of attachment/further from the point of attachment  Superficial/deep: closer to the surface/further from the surface Medial/lateral: midline/far from center Homeostasis: define, name and describe components of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms (receptors, control center, effectors, pathways) Maintenance of stable internal conditions Despite changing external conditions  Staying the same stable You have physiological things that help return to homeostasis Dynamic equilibrium  Environmental disturbance… homeostatic mechanism  1) Stimulus produces change in variable- ex) body temp increases when we run 2) Receptor detects change 3) Input: information sent along afferent pathway to control center- Afferent: approach the control center Control center 4) Output: information sent along efferent pathway to effector- Efferent: exit the control center 5) Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level  Positive and negative feedback mechanisms: characteristics and examples Negative feedback  Response reduces or shuts off stimulus Regulation of body temp by negative feedback mechanism Responds to change consistency Blood clotting, production of milk, contraction of uterus - Ex) insulin tells cells to take up more glucose, dropping glucose levels- Ex) body temp increase too much, or dropping too low, sweat glands or shivering… opposes the reaction Positive feedback Response enhances original stimulus  Summary of positive feedback mechanism regulating formation of plateletplug  Blood clotting: get tear of blood vessel, platelets release chemicals that getmore platelets, and they clump to plug tear. Labor contractions Human organ systems: just know names for now Integumentary system (hair, skin) Skeletal system (bones, joint) Muscular system (skeletal muscles) Nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves) Endocrine system (pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis) Cardiovascular system (heart, blood vessels) Lymphatic system/immunity (red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes) Respiratory system (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus) Digestive system (oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus) Urinary system (kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra) Regions of the abdominopelvic cavity and what is located within them Regions  Hypochondriac | Epigastric | Hypochondriac Lumbar | Umbilical | Lumbar Iliac (inguinal) | Hypogastric | Iliac (inguinal) Standard anatomical positionChapter 2 Atoms Composition of matter = atoms Proton: have mass and electrical charge (+) Neutron: have mass and no electrical charge (neutral) Electron: have tiny mass and electrical charge (-) Nucleus = protons + neutrons- In the center- Have an anatomic cloud- Atoms are electrically neutral  Always have equal number of electrons and neutrons  They want to be stable Atomic structure The anatomy of atoms, structure of an atom determines its function Identifying elements (atomic #, mass #, isotopes, etc) Atomic number = number of protons Mass number= protons + neutrons Isotopes: alternate forms of atoms that differ in number of neutrons Radioisotopes: have large unstable nuclei; atoms need to be stable- C14 is a radioisotope __> emits subatomic particles in order to be stable - EX)-- Half-life: amount of times it takes for half of radioactive isotopes to decay Atomic weight: reflects average mass of an atom 4 elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) make up 96% of body weight  Chemical Bonds Come together by the interaction of electrons  Electron shells: organized around the nucleus Can have up to 7 electron shells Can hold max number of electrons Valence shell: most outside shell- Determine chemical properties and kinds of atoms it can make 1st=2, 2nd=8, 3rd=18, 4th=32, 5th=50- 2(n)^2 n=number of electron shell  general formula for how many electrons in an electron shell  ex) 2(1)^2  2(1)  2  Rule of 8: stable with 8 or if number it is allowed - Ex) 3rd is stable with 8 or 18- Except the 1st one is only stable with 2 Covalent bonds: electrons shared between atoms, in order to achieve stability(octet rule)  Electrons shared- Single (pairs), double (2 pairs), triple (3 pairs of electrons) bonds- If 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electrons = double covalent bond and so on  Ex) oxygen atom + oxygen atom = molecule of oxygen gas (O2) or O=O (structural formed shoed double bonds) Reacting atoms = resulting molecules Polar vs. Non-polar - One has partial (-) and one has partial (+) H+ --- O- --- H+ polar covalent (one end has positive and other has negative) O=C=O nonpolar covalent  Ionic Bonds  Formed when valence electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another- Cations (+) = atom that loses electrons- Anions (-) = atom that gains electrons  Ex) sodium ion (Na+) and chloride ion (Cl-) = sodium chloride (NaCl) Opposites attract  Hydrogen bonds