Chemistry and BiochemistryChemistry Why chemistry? Physiology all boils down to chemical reactions Matter and energy Matter Mass States: solid, liquid, gaseous Energy Kinetic Potential: stored, not yet being used, can be used Chemical: energy stored in form of chemical bonds Electrical: energy produced by movement of charged particles Mechanical Radiant/electromagnetic Composition of matter = elements (simplest components of matter) Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances Major elements: make up bulk of human of human body- Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen Lesser elements: lesser in abundance, no importance - Calcium, potassium, phosphorous, sodium, chlorine, iron Trace elements: exist in minute amounts in body mass Composition of matter = atoms Proton: have mass and electrical charge (+) Neutron: have mass and no electrical charge (neutral) Electron: have tiny mass and electrical charge (-) Nucleus = protons + neutrons- In the center- Have an anatomic cloud- Atoms are electrically neutral  Always have equal number of electrons and neutrons  They want to be stable Identifying elements Atomic number = number of protons Mass number Isotopes: alternate forms of atoms that differ in number of neutrons Radioisotopes: have large unstable nuclei - EX)-- Half-life: amount of times it takes for half of radioactive isotopes to decay Atomic weight: reflects average mass  Combinations of matter Molecules: put two or more atoms together by chemical bonds But more than one of the same, you have molecule of element  Ex) O2  Compounds: put two different atoms together Ex) H2O (H+ and O- and H+) Mixtures: mixing substances without chemical bonds Solutions Colloids Suspensions Solvent: substance that exists in greater quantity Solute: substance that exists in lesser quantity Chemical Bonds Come together by the interaction of electrons  Electron shells: organized around the nucleus Can have up to 7 electron shells Can hold max number of electrons Valence shell: most outside shell- Determine chemical properties and kinds of atoms it can make 1st=2, 2nd=8, 3rd=18, 4th=32, 5th=50- 2(n)^2 n=number of electron shell- ex) 2(1)^2  2(1)  2  Rule of 8: stable with 8 or if number it is allowed - Ex) 3rd is stable with 8 or 18- Except the 1st one is only stable with 2 Covalent bonds: electrons shared between interacting atoms, between shells Electrons shared- Single (pairs), double (2 pairs), triple (3 pairs of electrons) bonds- Ex) oxygen atom + oxygen atom = molecule of oxygen gas (O2) or O=O (structural formed shoed double bonds)- Reacting atoms = resulting molecules- Polar vs. Non-polar - One has partial (-) and one has partial (+) H+ --- O- --- H+ polar covalent O=C=O nonpolar covalent  Ionic Bonds  Electrons transferred- Cations (+) and anions (-)- Ex) sodium ion (Na+) and chloride ion (Cl-) = sodium chloride (NaCl) Opposites attract  Hydrogen bonds By itself weak, but together strong  Bonds between different ends of polar molecules  negative O is attracted to positive H Chemical Reactions  Chemical bonds are made, broken, or rearranged Chemical equations  Reactants Products Number of atoms - Reactants  product Ex) H + H  H2 (hydrogen has) Ex) 4H + C  CH4 (methane gas) Synthesis (combination) reactions: chemical bonds are formed  Smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules Anabolic A + B  AB Ex) dehydration (condensation) reaction - AH + BOH  H2O + AB- Get principle product (AB) and product of H2O Require energy… traps energy Decomposition reactions: chemical bonds being broken down  Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules  Catabolic: energy released AB  A + B Ex) Hydrolysis- AB + H2O  AH + BOH Exchange (displacement) reactions: chemical bonds being broken and made Both synthesis and decomposition AB + C  AC + B Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions Electrons exchange LEO says GER Often involves gain/loss of hydrogen atoms  Energy flow Exergonic: energy is released  Endergonic: energy is being required/put in  Reversibility  Equilibrium: forward = reverse  Some will spontaneously reverse  Rate  Temperature (increase = increase chemical reactions) Concentration (increase = increase chemical reactions) Particle size (decrease = increase chemical reactions) Catalysts (presence of this increase chemical reactions)- Ex) enzymes Biochemistry Organic compounds (can share metabolic pathways, all have C, O, H) Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids  All are made up of sub groups called monomers Bio molecules are formed from their monomers/units by dehydration synthesis and broken down to monomers by hydrolysis reactions  Monomer  dimer  polymer Functional groups Carboxyl (-COOH) Amino (-NH2) Hydroxyl (-OH) Phosphate (-PO4) Carbohydrates Cellular fuel Monosaccharides (combine through dehydration synthesis)- Monomers- Glucose, fructose, galactose (glucose + fructose = sucrose) Disaccharides- Polymers Polysaccharides- Polymers  Lipids (fats and oils)  Membrane that surrounds the cell and is in cell- Doesn’t dissolve in H2O, but dissolve in some other lipids Hydrophobic Cell membranes, hormones, etc Triglycerides- Neutral fats, fatty acids (saturated vs. unsaturated… 1+ double bond)- Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains  triglyceride (neutral fat) + 3 H2O molecules Phospholipids - Polar head, non-polar tail- Phosphorous containing group (polar head=hydrophilic) + glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acid chains (non-polar tail=hydrophobic) Steroids Eicosanoids  Proteins Most abundant, very diverse Support, movement (contractile), buffering, catalysts, etc Polymers of amino acids  Amine group + acid group + central carbocation (can be bother weak acids and bases)- Ex) amino acids (50 attached, polypeptide chain, 8____, 12___)- R group (central carbocation) determines function  Amino acid structures- Glycine, aspartic acid, lysine, cysteine Structural levels: attached by peptide bonds - Primary: chain of amino acids- Secondary: helix or pleated sheet- Tertiary: