Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another  Body structures can be seen, felt, and examined closely  Gross/macroscopic: study of large body structures visible to eye  Microscopic: deals with structures too small to be seen with the eye  Physiology: concerns the function of the body How the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities  Function/processes of body  Structure depends on what function it can form  Levels Chemical level: atoms combine o form molecules Atoms Cellular level: cells are made up of molecules Organelles, cells Tissue level: tissues consist of similar types of cells Epithelium, muscle, connective, nervous  Organ level: organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level: consist of different organs that work together closely  Organismal level: the human organism is made up of many organ systems  Human body organization  Atoms  (basic, smallest units of matter) molecules  (2 or more atoms put together) organelle  (atoms + molecules) smooth muscle cell  (organelles together with epithelium) smooth muscle tissue  (cells put together) organ (tissues put together) The body’s organ systems and their major functions  Integumentary system (hair, skin) Forms the external body covering, and deeper tissues from injury.  Synthesizes vitamin D for calcium houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and oil glands Barrier for outside  inside Skeletal system (bones, joint) Protects and supports body organs provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.  Blood cells are formed within the bones.  Bones store minerals.  Muscular system (skeletal muscles) Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression.  Maintains posture, and produces heat  Nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves) As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Endocrine system (pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis) Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Cardiovascular system (heart, blood vessels) Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc The heart pumps blood Lymphatic system/immunity (red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes) Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body  Respiratory system (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus) Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs  Digestive system (oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus) Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.  Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces Urinary system (kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra) Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood  Maintaining life Cells basic unit of life Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth  Survival needs Nutrients: h2o, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins Oxygen: O2, final electron acceptor Water: H2O, help maintain body temp, dissolve state Normal body temp: 98.6 degrees farienheight, cooling and heating mechanisms If too cold=chem reactions slow down If too got=chem reactions speed up  If protein and DNA are no longer in normal shapes, they do not function Appropriate atmospheric pressure: pressure air exerts on skin Crucial for breathing, changes due to pressure Homeostasis  Maintenance of stable internal conditions Despite changing external conditions  Staying the same stable You have physiological things that help return to homeostasis Dynamic equilibrium  Environmental disturbance… homeostatic mechanism  1) Stimulus produces change in variable- ex) body temp increases when we run 2) Receptor detects change 3) Input: information sent along afferent pathway to control center- Afferent: approach the control center  Control center 4) Output: information sent along efferent pathway to effector- Efferent: exit the control center 5) Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level  Glucose  insulin Brain relies on glucose Meals can increase blood glucose levels Pancreas releases insulin (enhances cells to take up more glucose) Negative feedback  Response reduces or shuts off stimulus Regulation of body temp by negative feedback mechanism Responds to change consistency Blood clotting, production of milk, contraction of uterus  Ex) insulin tells cells to take up more glucose, dropping glucose levels Ex) body temp increase too much, or dropping too low, sweat glands or shivering… opposes the reaction Positive feedback Response enhances original stimulus  Summary of positive feedback mechanism regulating formation of platelet plug  Blood clotting: get tear of blood vessel, platelets release chemicals that get more platelets, and they clump to plug tear. Anatomical terms Standard anatomical position Axial vs. appendicular Axial: center of body, absolutely have to have to survive Appendicular: arms, legs Regional terms  Planes- Frontal (coronal): front and back- Median (midsaggital): right and lef- Transverse: top and bottom Directional terms- Superior (upper) and inferior (lower)- Anterior (front) and posterior (back) Ventral and dorsal (used for animals)- Medial (center/midline) and lateral (far from center)- Proximal (closer to appendage attachment point) and distal (farther)- Superficial (external, closer to outside of body) and deep Regions of body- Dorsal (posterior)