MUH 214 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lecture: 1 – 8-The slave trade was active between 1699-1896 and lasted around 400 years.- The middle passage is the route followed by slave ships across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to the America’s. A typical middle passage voyage lasted 5 to 12 weeks. Over the course of the slave trade closeto 39,000 voyages were made during the middle passage. -Only 75% of slaves survived the passage from Africa and only 5% of those slaves ended up in the America’s.-During the slave trade there were middle men called factors who arranged to buy slaves and traded themfor goods.-When trading slave’s things such as gunpowder, brandy, and seashells were used as compensation. The rate of exchange was 40,000 seashells for 1 slave.-Portugal monopolized the slave trade before the 1700’s. After the 1700’s Britain monopolized the slave trade. Depending on which country was monopolizing the slave trade would determine where the slaves would be sent, many were sent to certain countries to help provide in the triangle trade. The different areas would also determine the music development of slaves because some cultures were more lenient while others were strict on the things slaves could practice. -A significant part of slave trade was the triangle trade route which was a convenient system for traders. Europe would send manufactured goods to Africa that would be traded for slaves. The slaves would then be sent to the America’s to work and create goods that would be shipped back to Europe.-The Amistad was a slave ship that transported captured slaves from West Africa. While aboard the ship the slaves revolted and ordered the crew to take them back to West Africa. After many weeks a board the ship had to dock for supplies in the U.S. The case was then taken to the Supreme Court were it was ruled that the slaves a board the ship were free men. The court’s decision helped in the realization that slave trade was inhumane. -Melodic techniques used in African American Music are motif, motive development, phrase, pentatonic scale, and embellishment.-Rhythmic techniques used in African American Music are meter, tempo, polyrhythm, rhythmic displacement, and syncopation. -There are 3 types of Call and Response. 1. Completion; the response completes the call, it can also be repetitive. (Ex. James Brown; Say It Loud) 2. Confirmation; the response is an exact or almost exact repetition of what the call is. 3. Answer; a commentary, not connected in terms of being a response. -African American Music is considered an oral tradition because it is passed from one generation to the next.- A ring shout is a religious ritual in which worshippers move in a circle while shuffling and stomping their feet and clapping their hands.-Ring shout was also known as glory shout, walk around, and running spiritual. -The majority of slaves came from the West Coast of Africa from tribes such as; Ashanti, Dahomey, Yoruba, Benin, Mandingo, and Gambia. -Assimilation is the process of one culture absorbed into another while acculturation is the modification of culture after contact with another.-Cross fertilization - Melding of cultures with influences of both evident.-Collective improvisation is when everyone in a group is improvising at the same time over no form.-Gutteral Effects are shouts, groans, moans, screams that are added by the performer rather than a written part of the song. Gutteral effects can be intoned with a defined pitch or non-intoned with a definitepitch (spoken).-Cultural Memory - Using memory to recreate things from previous culture. This was important for African American Music because they had no documentation of their culture when brought to the U.S. Everything they knew was from memory. -Four obstacles for blacks when adjusting to life in America were 1. Language 2. Culture 3. Isolation of large plantations in the south. 4. Opposition to slave knowledge and maintenance of African customs.-Lining out is a form of call and response. The leader would sing each line first and then the group wouldrepeat the lines. The resulting texture would often be heterphoonic. -The wandering refrain concept is the same refrain continued in different songs.-Dr. Watts hymns were used as a basis for early African American religious music because they were easily available to Church attending Blacks.-The Catholic religion impacted African American Music because it was closer to the African Model. The Protestant religion impacted African American Music because it allowed more freedom to slaves to retain their music and culture.-African Music was reflected in early African American Music by its functionality. -The four types of cries are 1. Plain – simple, straight forward, functional 2. Florid – very decorated withinterpolation and melisma 3. Coloratura – more musical complexity in melody often displaying singer’s virtuosity, talent 4. Street Cries (vendors) – used to sell goods-Performance techniques associated with cries and hollers are yodeling, glissando, melisma, falsetto, microtones, repeated pitches, and guttural effects. -Folk songs were considered to be early protest songs because they: • Improvised derisive singing• Use of subtle satire in presence of whites• Copied mannerisms of master or mistress• Inserted as verses in otherwise innocent songs• Led to whites mimicking blacks in Minstrelsy- Hollers and cries were used to make announcements, arrange appointments, organize meetings/ work details, convey greetings, and sell goods.-Hollers were used to communicate across fields and often yodelized song. Calls/cries were for more personal communication, calls were used to communicate messages. Cries expressed emotional experience; cry for food, water, help, loneliness, sorrow. Cries were also used to locate. Cries were half sung, half yelled.-Pinkster Day occurred in the Dutch Colonies. This was a celebration of the Pentecost. There was a lot of music and dancing done by the slaves. This holiday allowed them a day off from work and it also allowedthe slaves contact with their friends and family.-Heartbreak Day is January 1st, this is the day when many of the slaves are sold or traded causing them to be separated from their friends or families.-Fiddles and banjos were used to accompany early African American Music.-Four categories of African American Music are 1.Membranophone (drums) 2.Aerophones (trumpet) 3.Chordphones (lute) 4.Idiophones (bells)-Four