MUH 214 1st Edition Lecture 4African American Music: Characteristics-Music that originated in America, created by people transported during the Middle Passage and their descendants.-Based on the culture of the African Diaspora; anything that has to do with cultures, countries, and peoplethat originated in Africa or were transported from Africa. Only 5% originally came to America.Black Music-Unites joy and sorrow, love and hate, hope and despair of black people.-Functions as the consciousness of the community.-Represents contradictions inherent in the black experience in America. -Serves as social and political inspiration.-Affirms the political “otherness” of blacks. -Provides spiritual motivation.The Tradition-One of the most important ethnic vernacular traditions.-Cultural awareness.-Has developed more independent of its origins that other folk music.-Makes up broadest, most enduring array of vernacular styles.Elements-Call and Response (3 types) *Does not always entail lyrics. - Completion; the response completes the call, it can also be repetitive. (Ex. James Brown; Say It Loud)- Confirmation; the response is an exact or almost exact repetition of what the call is.- Answer; a commentary, not connected in terms of being a response. -Gutteral Effects These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Shouts, groans, moans, screams. Added by the performer rather than a written part of the song.- Can be intoned with a defined pitch or non-intoned with a definite pitch (spoken). -Interpolation; Added tones and or lyrics. Usually derived from the original lyrics and still connected to the theme of the lyrics.-Lyric Variation; Used to extend text or fill spaces in the original lyrics. Text derived from the original lyric and embellished. -Melisma; Brief vocal improvisations, usually rhythmically free. Found at the conclusion of motives, phrases, or sections.-Falsetto; When an artist uses a range that is significantly higher then what they would typically sing, not normally associated with that voice quality. -Lyric Improvisation; Taking the original lyrics and embellishing or changing the lyrics.-Vocal Rhythmization; AKA Scat Singing, using nonsense syllables rather than lyrics. Rhythmic Techniques-Syncopation; Emphasis on weak rather than strong beats.-Compound Rhythm; Single rhythmic line heard as multiple lines.-Stratification; Multiple layers of rhythm.-Concrescence; Cumulative effect of rhythmic simultaneous events. Rhythmic Improvisation-Extemporization; embellishment/variation, but original still identifiable (RnB, Blues) -Development; Manipulation until original no longer perceivable (jazz)-Transmutation; From one recognizable event to another (classical)Texture-Antiphony; call and response-Homophony; melody + background accompanimentHarmony-Sounds that accompany melody (chords)-Chord progression; sequence of chords.-Vernacular Progressions- V-IV- IV-I-