HST 102 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture II Previously III The American Frontier a Coxey s Army IV An Expansionist Hunger V An Imperial Problem VI Put Some Muscle into It VII Aloha VIII Trouble down in Cuba IX Remember the Maine X To Arms The Spanish American War XI Imperial Anxieties Part 1 2 XII A new Diplomacy XIII Teddy XIV Corollary XV Follow the Money Outline of Current Lecture XVI XVII Previously Part 1 Urbanization XVIII Part 2 Industrialization a Taylorism b Fordism XIX Part 3 Immigration XX Part 4 A Progressive Response Current Lecture Immigration Industrialization and the American City Previously o Growth of big industry and the allure of American cities o Anxieties over political corruption and the perception of an American society These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o A weak but persistent movement to organize labor o A widespread belief that protest and reform campaigns can change the nation Part 1 Urbanization o The age of the city Westward expansion is outpaced by growth of cities 1870 10 mill city residents 25 of the population 1900 30 mill city residents 40 of the population 1920 54 mill city residents 51 of the population o The evolving metropolis City living becomes increasing modernized Electricity Mechanized transportation Skyscrapers A city s swallow surrounded lands to expand A world constantly in motion o More cities more problems Rapid growth creates a new set of anxieties A turn away from an agrarian society The closed frontier and over civilization Poverty crime disease Moral concerns corruption and vice Major cities have a high concentration of first and second generation immigrants Reform movements in the early 20th century will increasingly target cities Part 2 Industrialization o Industrial growth The business boom of the Gilded Age continues into the 20th Century Urbanization and industrialization feed off of each other The industrial workforce grows by almost 9mill laborers from 1870 1920 By 1913 the United States produces 1 3 of all industrial manufactures in the world An explosion of new technologies o Efficiency As industrial production grows businesses search for ways to be more efficient Taylorism Reduction of skilled work Make workers interchangeable Emphasis on mechanization wherever possible Power and direction in the hands of managers Fordism The moving assembly line Emphasis on mass production Encourages mass consumption o Exploitation Working conditions governed by contract ideology The decline of skilled work and the desire to cut costs leads employers to hire more women and children By 1900 women are 17 of the industrial workforce paid as little as 6 8 a week By 1900 nearly 2 mill children under the age of 15 are waged laborers Part 3 Immigration o The new immigration The size and sources of immigration shift dramatically after 1880 Transportation revolutions ease travel from Europe Population pressures and economic turmoil push Europeans out English Irish and Germans had made up 60 of immigrants between 1860 1900 o A tidal wave American experiences an unprecedented volume of immigration 23 5 mill immigrants from 1880 1920 8 8 mill during the period from 1900 1909 alone Feeds an explosion of urban populations o Origin story After 1890 a majority of immigrants come from southern and eastern Europe Increasingly diverse and unfamiliar to Americans Religion Language Ethnicity Political radicalism Often uninterested in assimilation live in ethnically segregated enclaves Highly concentrated in presence of urban areas o Deep impact Immigration has a powerful effect on American identity culture and society By 1920 1 3 of all Americans are foreign born or have one foreign born parent Part 4 A Progressive Response o Urban Reform Cities are an early target for reformers Reform city gov t to reduce corruption Pursue public health campaigns Establish playgrounds Embrace a social gospel that emphasizes volunteerism and charitable assistance Women take a leading role under the banner of social housekeeping o There is power in a union Workers respond to the erosion of their authority Union membership quadruples between 1897 and 1903 Legitimizes organized labor in new ways 1920 AFL 4 million members 5 million in Union Some legislation to protect women and child laborers o Trust Busters At the federal level economic reform concentrates on industrial monopolies The size of businesses are seen as a threat to democracy and the economy inefficient and abusive Led by President Teddy Roosevelt Expands power to investigate economic misdeeds and helps moderately increase regulation o Americanization Based on the assumptions that American can absorb a limitless quantity of new citizens Excludes those deemed as unassimilable Asian immigrants A gentler optimistic approach to immigrants through reform A variety of institutions make Americanization a key goal of their activities Settlement houses Charities Corporations o Settlement Houses Secular institutions in urban immigrant enclaves Run by social workers typically young college educated women form America s upper and middle classes Designed to provide an array of services to the communities they inhabit Employment bureaus Emergency relief Counseling Social clubs Education and medical care o Immigration restriction Establish new restrictions on European immigration 1917 literacy test bars South Asian immigrants 1921 creates quota 3 of foreign born population per year based on 1910 censes Capped at 350 000 1924 National Origins Act 2 quota 1890 census creates immigration visas no restriction on Canada or Latin America o What does it mean American undergoes rapid transformation Conditions in cities and industries spur new anxieties A growing series of reform movements begin to shape the early 20 th century the Progressive Era Desiring both more and less democracy Rethinking the use of gov t power the precepts of Protestant faith and the responsibilities of industry