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U of M GCD 3022 - Mitosis, Meiosis, Chromosomes, and X-linked Inheritance
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GCD 3022 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. Multiple ChoiceII. Law of Independent AssortmentIII. Probability RuleIV. True BreedingV. Test CrossVI. Chi Square Test VII. Law of Independent Assortment vs. Law of SegregationVIII. Chi Square TestIX. Product Rule and Binomial Expansion Equation Outline of Current Lecture I. Mitosisa. Descriptionb. Diploid Cellsc. Phases II. Meiosisa. DescriptionIII. The Chromosomea. DefinitionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Locusc. Chromatidsd. Formation of ChromosomesIV. Chromosome Theory of Inheritancea. Mendel’s Law of Segregationb. Mendel’s Law of Independent AssortmentV. Cytogeneticsa. Definitionb. Karyotypesc. Spectral karyotypingVI. Human Sex DeterminationVII. X-Linked Inheritancea. Descriptionb. Punnett SquaresCurrent LectureI. Mitosisa. Mitosis: production of two (diploid or 2n) daughter cells having the same complement of chromosomes as the mother cellb. Each daughter cell receives the same complement of chromosomes (daughter cells are genetically identical)c. The phases of mitosis that are emphasized in this course are the S phase (DNA replication) and the M phase (when the cells divide)II. Meiosisa. Meiosis: production of 4 daughter cells (gametes) with half the amount of genetic material as the parents (haploid or n)b. Daughter cells are not genetically identical and contain only one homologous chromosome from each pairc. Gametes contain many different combinations of the single homologsIII. The Chromosomea. Definition: a chromosome is a column of tightly coiled DNA that contains locations of genes; two chromosomes create a homologous pairb. Locus: the location of specific genes on a chromosome c. Chromatids: the name given to a pair of duplicated chromosomes (forms an X shape); these are called sister chromatids when connected in the middle by a centromered. Formation of Homologous Pairs: pairs (sister chromatids) are formed by joining two copies of the same chromosome (duplicated during S phase of mitosis); a pair of sister chromatids (2 X’s) is called tetrad or bivalent)IV. The Chromosome Theory of Inheritancea. Mendel’s Law of Segregation: this law can be explained by the homologous pairing and segregation of chromosomes during meiosis, each haploid daughter cell has one allele (segregation of alleles into separate gametes) b. Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment: this law can be explained by the relative behavior of different (non-homolgous) chromosomes during meiosis; each character contributes one allele to the gamete so that each gamete contains an allele (chromosome) that has been segregated independentlyV. Cytogeneticsa. Cytogenetics: the field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes; most often used in the application of chromosome mapping to detect mutations or genes that cause genetic diseasesb. Karyotype: A map of all the chromosome pairs in an individual using dyes, each pair of chromosomes can be evaluated to determine which allele an individual has for certain charactersc. Spectral Karyotyping (SKY): a type of karyotyping that dyes each pair of chromosomes a different color to more easily separate them arrange them into pairsVI. Human Sex Determinationa. Humans have 46 chromosomes total (44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes)b. Males have one X and one Y chromosome (heterogametic)c. Females have two X chromosomes (homogametic)d. The Y chromosome determines malenessVII. X-Linked Inheritancea. When a gene is linked to the X chromosomeb. This way, if a male possesses a dominant X-linked trait, then all daughters will exhibit that trait (because all female offspring receive an X chromosome from their father)c. X-linked traits can be mapped for probability using Punnett squares, as long as you make sure to cross a male and female (XY x XX)d. Test Crosses are common when determining X-linked inheritance patterns. These test crosses are usually used to determine if the female is homozygous orheterozygous for the dominant trait. She is mated with a homozygous recessive male and if all offspring exhibit the dominant (wild-type) trait then the mother is homozygous dominant (because she passes a dominant X-linked trait to every


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U of M GCD 3022 - Mitosis, Meiosis, Chromosomes, and X-linked Inheritance

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