GEN 3022 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. VocabularyII. Eukaryotic Chromosome InheritanceIII. Mitosis and CytokinesisIV. Meiosisa. Process of meiosisb. Spermatogenesisc. OogenesisOutline of Current Lecture I. Multiple ChoiceII. Law of Independent AssortmentIII. Probability RuleIV. True BreedingV. Test CrossVI. Chi Square Test VII. Law of Independent Assortment vs. Law of SegregationVIII. Chi Square TestIX. Product Rule and Binomial Expansion Equation Current LectureI. Multiple Choicea. If an affected individual is born to parents who are unaffected, what is the most likely mode of inheritance?i. Autosomal recessive- this is because if the disease was dominant then two unaffected individuals would have to be homozygous for the recessive allele and would only have unaffected offspringb. Which description of a true breeding plant strain is correct?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. It has two identical alleles of the gene that controls the trait of interest- A true breeding plant means that it will produce the same phenotype for several generations, so it has to be homozygous. If it was heterozygous that would mean there is the possibility of producing different phenotypes.c. I know that black coat color in mice is dominant to albino. Black mice get a higherprice at the pet store so I am disappointed when I cross a black mouse with an albino mouse and get 6 black mice and 4 albino mice in the litter. I expected all black. What mistake did I make?i. I assumed that my black mouse was true-breeding- the mouse was not true-breeding but was instead heterozygous. That is why it produced albino mice.d. Each member of a couple is heterozygous for a dominant, wild-type allele (P) anda recessive allele that causes a severe metabolic disorder. You want to calculate that the probability that the couple’s first three offspring have the disorder. Which rule would you use?i. The product rule- use this rule because the order of the children matters. You are being asked about the first three children as opposed to three out of four children. e. You conduct a single-factor cross using a true-breeding lie of tall pea plants and a true-breeding line of dwarf pea plants to generate an F1 generation. You then cross members of the F1 generation to each other. What is the expected ratio of tall to dwarf progeny from this cross?i. 3:1 – use a Punnett square to figure out the offspring from the parental cross (all heterozygous), then use another Punnett square to cross the two heterozygous offspring from the F1 generation, which gives a 3:1 ratio of tall plants to dwarf plants. f. A couple wants to know the probability that, out of five children, three will be girls. This is solved by which of the following?i. Binomial expansion equation- this is because the order of the events does not matter. It only asks for 3 of 5 children. If it asked theprobability for the first three children then you would use a product rule. g. In a genetic cross, there are n classes of data. What would the degrees of freedom be for a chi-square test on these data?i. n-1 (just have to know the equation for this one)h. There is a two-factor cross beginning with two true-breeding pea strains. One strain produced round yellow seeds (RRYY) while the other strain produced wrinkled, green seeds (rryy). You cross these two strains to generate an F1 generation?i. What is (are) the genotype(s) of the F1 generation?1. RrYy only-using a Punnett square, find the possible combinations of each parent (RY and ry only). The F1 generation is only RrYyii. If an F1 plant was crossed to a plant with wrinkled, green seeds, what is the predicted ratio of F2 seeds in the following phenotypic categories: yellow and round, yellow and wrinkled, green and round, and green and wrinkled?1. 1:1:1:1 -An F1 plant has the genotype RrYy and would be crossed to a plant with an rryy plant. Using a Punnett square, find the phenotypes of the F2 generation. iii. If the F1 offspring are allowed to self-fertilize, what is the predicted ratio of F2 seeds in the following phenotypic categories: yellow and round, yellow and wrinkled, green and round, and green and wrinkled?1. 9:3:3:1- this is the ratio for a dihybrid cross of heterozygotes, you can use a Punnett square to find this ratio as wellII. Law of independent assortmenta. Would it be possible to deduce the law of independent assortment from a single factor cross? Why or why not? i. No, the law of independent assortment only applies to transmission of two or more genes. In a single factor cross, you are monitoring only the transmission pattern of a single gene. III. Probability Rulea. A cross is made between two individuals that are AaBbCcDd. What is the probability that an offspring will be AaBbCcDD? i. Use the probability rule to multiply each probability for each trait (Aa, Bb, Cc, and DD).ii. ½ x ½ x ½ x ¼ = 1/32 or 3.1%IV. True Breedinga. Mendel performed numerous controlled genetic crosses to obtain strains that consistently produced a single phenotype without variation. What are these strains called?i. Pure breeding or true breeding strainsV. Test Crossa. You were given a tall pea plant but don’t know if it is homozygous (TT) or heterozygous (Tt) for the tall gene allele. i. You would cross the tall pea plant with a true-breeding plant that carries only the recessive alleles for the gene in question. This is called a test crossb. What are the predicted genotypic and phenotypic outcomes if the tall pea plant is heterozygous? If it is homozygous?i. If the tall pea plant is heterozygous you would expect to get:1. Tt x tt = ½ Tt and ½ tt (a 1:1 phenotypic ratio)ii. If the tall pea plant is homozygous you would expect to get:1. TT x tt = 100% Tt (all tall pea plants)VI. Chi Square Testa. How would you describe experimental results in terms of goodness of fit if the chi square value is very high? VII. Law of Segregation vs. Law of Independent Assortmenta. In one or two sentences, explain the Law of Segregationi. The two alleles for each trait will separate from one another during gamete formation, and each allele will have an equal probability (1/2) of inclusion in a gamete.b. In one or two sentences, explain the Law of Independent Assortmenti. During gamete formation, the segregation of alleles at one locus is independent of the segregation of