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U of M GCD 3022 - Final Exam Study Guide
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GCD 3022 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Chapter 2 (January 26-30 )Why did Mendel’s work refute the idea of blending inheritance? Provide an example that supports your answer. Mendel’s work refuted the blended inheritance because his experiments showed that the offspring of any given generation will have one of the parental phenotypes, not a new phenotype. For example, a red flower and white flower will produce offspring with either red or white flowers (no pink flowers). Describe the difference between genotype and phenotype. Can two individuals have the same phenotype and different genotypes?The genotype of an individual is that individual’s genetic makeup (alleles) while the phenotype ishow those alleles appear physically. It is possible to have different genotypes and the same phenotype between two individuals because in a dominant-recessive inheritance pattern, any individual with a dominant allele will express the dominant phenotype (whether that individual is homozygous dominant or heterozygous). An example of this would be if two purple flowers had different genotypes where one was PP and the other was Pp. A pea plant that is heterozygous (Yy) for seed color in which yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y) is allowed to self-fertilize. Predict the genotypes and phenotypes of the resulting offspring. The offspring will be YY, Yy, and yy (with YY and Yy being the yellow offspring and yy being green). These genotypes can be predicted using a Punnett square. When do you use the binomial expansion equation vs. the product rule to calculate probability?The binomial expansion equation is used when the order of events does not matter (ex: out of 7 plants, 3 are tall and 4 are dwarf). The product rule is used to calculate events that are in order (ex: the first plant is tall, the second is dwarf, and the third is dwarf). These rules can also be used in combination with each other. What does the term “true-breeding” mean?True-breeding refers to an individual that will produce offspring with the same phenotype for many generations (in other words, a true-breeding individual is homozygous for the desired trait). Chapters 3 and 4(February 2-6)With regard to flower color in sweet peas, explain how complementation can occur when two different white flowered strains are crossed to produce purple flowered offspring (focus on the concept of loss-of-function vs. functional alleles). Complementation refers to the inactivation, or loss-of-function, of one of the two alleles for a trait. In this case, the allele for white flowers undergoes the loss-of-function mutation and this results in the expression of only the functional purple flower allele. Why are the products of mitosis genetically identical and the products of meiosis not?Mitosis is the replication of somatic (autosomal) cells, which means that the genetic material of these cells is identical. Meiosis is the process of dividing up chromosomes into gametes, which may result in genetically different cells depending on the genotype of the parent (if the parent is homozygous for a gene then all gametes will carry the same allele). Define dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, and overdominance.Dominance: simple Mendelian genetics. One allele is dominant and one is recessive. Any individual with at least one dominant allele will express the dominant phenotype for that trait.Incomplete dominance: occurs when one dominant allele is not sufficient to produce the dominant phenotype. The result is an intermediate or blended phenotype. Ex: flower that is heterozygous for red/white color would display a pink phenotype. Codominance: in heterozygotes, both alleles exert their effect on the phenotype.Overdominance: heterozygotes have a phenotype that is superior to homozygous phenotypes. Define the following concepts in terms of the amount of DNA each possesses relative to an unreplicated chromosome.Homolog: has the same amount of genetic information as a chromosome. A homologous pair (aka chromosome) may not be genetically identical. Each homolog will have the same number of genes and be relatively the same size but may have different alleles. Sister chromatid: has the same amount of genetic information as a chromosome. A pair of sisterchromatids are genetically identical because they are replicated.Bivalent: a pair of pair of sister chromatids ( 4 sister chromatids or 2 chromosomes). Formed during prophase 1 of mitosis. The formation of bivalents can also lead to recombination between chromosomes. What does it mean if a trait is found to be 80% penetrant?A gene that is 80% penetrant means that in 80% of cases, 50% of the allele is sufficient for the desired phenotype. In other words, 20% of people who carry this allele will not express the desired phenotype. Chapter 5 (February 9-13)Petunias have a trait that confers either a normal or pale petal color. A true-breeding pale plant was pollinated by a true-breeding normal plant. All of the F1 generation had pale petals. The F1 offspring were then pollinated by a true-breeding normal plant. All of the F2 generation had pale petals. Explain this pattern of inheritance.Since the male plant is the one that does the pollinating, and the offspring of every generation have pale petals regardless of the father’s phenotype, it can be concluded that this is a pattern of maternal inheritance. That means that only the mother’s phenotype matters and in each generation, the mother has a pale color phenotype. You are analyzing a gene and find that, although the two copies of the gene in both the female and male parents appear wild type by sequence analysis, only the maternal allele is expressed in offspring. What pattern of inheritance explains this scenario?Genomic imprinting. Genomic imprinting is defined as the expression of alleles from only the mother or the father. If an allele is imprinted then it is the one that is expressed. In this case, the mother’s allele for this trait is imprinted, so the father’s allele is not expressed in the offspring. What is the main difference between maternal effect and maternal inheritance?Maternal effect means that the phenotype of the offspring is dependent on the genotype of the mother. Maternal inheritance means that the phenotype of the offspring is dependent on the phenotype of the mother. Chapters 6 and 8 (February 16-20)When applying a Chi Square analysis in a linkage problem, explain why an independent assortment hypothesis


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U of M GCD 3022 - Final Exam Study Guide

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