GCD 3022 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. Linkage groups and chromosomesa. Number of linkage groupsi. Example 1ii. Example 2b. Down’s syndromec. Euploidy and Aneuploidyd. Linkage evente. Gene familiesII. Recombinant offspringa. Map unitsb. Crossover eventc. Reassortment of genesd. Test crossIII. Chromosome alterationsa. Translocationb. Deletion and duplicationc.IV. Chi square testThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.V. Recombinance in pea plantsa. Recombinance in F2 offspringi. Genotypes/phenotypesii. Explanationb. Chi square analysisc. Linkage distanceVI. Gene mappinga. Arrangement of allelesb. Heterozygous offspringc. Percentage of homozygous offspringOutline of Current LectureI. Nucleotide Structurea. Three componentsi. Phosphate groupii. Pentose sugariii. Nitrogenous Baseb. Differences between DNA and RNAi. Sugar ii. BasesII. Bonds in DNA/RNAa. Phosphodiester linkagesb. Hydrogen bondsIII. Nitrogenous basesa. Purinesb. Pyrimadinesc. Chargraff’s ruleIV. DNA structurea. Double helixb. Antiparallelc. ComplementaryV. RNA structurea. Double stranded regionsb. Change in base pairingsCurrent LectureI. Nucleotide Structurea. Three componentsi. Phosphate group: four oxygens bound to a phosphorous, three of which have negative charges. One oxygen is bound to 5’ carbon in pentose sugar, forming “phosphate-sugar backbone” of DNA and RNAii. Pentose sugar: 5 carbon sugar molecule with either a 3’ OH group and either an H or OH on the 2’ carbon (determines whether it is ribose or deoxyribose) iii. Nitrogenous Base: bound to 1’ carbon of pentose sugar. Can be adenine, guanine, thymine*, cytosine *thymine is replaced by uracil in RNA moleculesb. Differences between DNA and RNAi. Sugar: ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNAii. Bases: all bases are the same except thymine and uracil. Thymine is only present in DNA and uracil is only present in RNAII. Bonds in DNA/RNAa. Phosphodiester linkages: occur between oxygen on phosphate molecule and 5’ carbon of the pentose sugar. Forms phosphate-sugar backbone of DNA/RNA moleculesb. Hydrogen bonds: occur between complementary nitrogenous bases. A-T (U) have2 hydrogen bonds while G-C have 3 hydrogen bondsIII. Nitrogenous basesa. Purines: consist of one 6 carbon ring fused to a 5 carbon ring; consists of guanineand adenineb. Pyrimadines: consist of one 6 carbon ring; consist of thymine, uracil, and cytosinec. Chargraff’s rule: the total amount of A and T is equal to the total amount of G and C in a DNA molecule (A+T = G+C). Note: this does not mean that the amount of all individual bases is exactly the sameIV. DNA structurea. Double helix: formed by hydrogen bonds between A-T and G-C. This bonding creates a double helix with a major and minor groove.b. Antiparallel: one strand of the helix is 5’ to 3’ while the other is 3’ to 5’ (run in opposite directions)c. Complementary: A pairs with T, C pairs with GV. RNA structurea. Double stranded regions: the molecule is naturally single stranded, but there are sections of double helix due to some regions of hydrogen bonding between bases (A-U and C-G). These are called hairpin regions. b. Change in base pairings: A pairs with U (instead of T) and C still pairs with
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