Social Exchange and Partner Selection Social ExchangeMain focus - rewards/costs of relationships.Central AssumptionsSocial behaviors are exchanges.Maximize rewards/reduce costs.Will accept certain costs accrued.Obligation of reciprocity.Key ConceptsRewards – satisfactions, pleasures, and gratifications exchanged in social relationships; what you receive in a relationship (provides friendship, love, affection).Costs – drawbacks or expenses to receive the rewards (graduate school vs. full-time income)Outcomes – balance of rewards and costs.Profit – type of outcome where one person puts little into the relationship but gets larger reward; rewards minus costs.ReciprocityNorm of reciprocity – People share rewards, responsibilities, more interaction; expect mutual reciprocity which results in development of trust.Norm of fairness – Expectation of fairness in proportion of rewards to costs.Equity – Ratio of investments to profits similar or proportional for all parties.Dependence – Degree to which one comes to rely on a partner for relationship outcomes.Power – Control of another's behavior through the ability to elicit compliance or resist the other's influence.Perceptions – Not necessarily actual costs/benefits; two people may value things differently.Expectations – related to satisfaction.Comparison level – what you think you deserve; what you perceive in other relationships.Influenced by: family of origin, peer relationships, individuals, and experiences in previous relationships.Commitment – degree to which one is willing to work for the continuation of the relationship.SOCIAL EXCHANGE AND PARTNER SELECTION  Social Exchange- Main focus - rewards/costs of relationships.- Central Assumptionso Social behaviors are exchanges.o Maximize rewards/reduce costs.o Will accept certain costs accrued.o Obligation of reciprocity.- Key Concepts- Rewards – satisfactions, pleasures, and gratifications exchanged in social relationships; what you receive in a relationship (provides friendship, love, affection).- Costs – drawbacks or expenses to receive the rewards (graduate school vs. full-time income)- Outcomes – balance of rewards and costs.- Profit – type of outcome where one person puts little into the relationship but gets larger reward; rewards minus costs.- Reciprocityo Norm of reciprocity – People share rewards, responsibilities, more interaction; expect mutual reciprocity which results in development of trust.o Norm of fairness – Expectation of fairness in proportion of rewards to costs.o Equity – Ratio of investments to profits similar or proportional for all parties.- Dependence – Degree to which one comes to rely on a partner for relationship outcomes.- Power – Control of another's behavior through the ability to elicit compliance or resist the other's influence.- Principle of least interest- Perceptions – Not necessarily actual costs/benefits; two people may value things differently.- Expectations – related to satisfaction.- Comparison level – what you think you deserve; what you perceive in other relationships.- Influenced by: family of origin, peer relationships, individuals, and experiences in previous relationships.- Commitment – degree to which one is willing to work for the continuation of the relationship. Attachment Theory1. Secure o Positive early family relationships; trusting toward others.o Strong sense of self; easily develops closeness.o Balanced – secure in self and relationships.2. Dismissiveo Typically avoidant in childhood.o Suppresses feelings; avoids conflict, emotionally removed, protective of self.o Appears overly independent; counter-dependent.3. Preoccupiedo Anxious-ambivalent in childhood.o Critical, insecure, self-doubt, needy, seeks approval.o Deep fear of rejection – clingy and overly dependent.4. Fearful-Avoidanto Disorganized style in childhood.o Detached feelings during trauma – adaptive.o Desire relationships – ruffled by closeness; unpredictable. Murstein’s Stimulus-Value Role Theory (SVR), (Filtering Model of Mate Selection)Proximity Filter - Exposure to the Pool of Eligible Mates| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Stimulus Filter - Physical/Personal Attractiveness | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Value Filter - Comparison/Similarity | | | | | | |Role Filter - Compatibility | |Selection/Engagement|Marriage  Reiss’ Wheel Theory of Love - In this theory, love is viewed as a developmental process – Four Processes: 1. Rapport 2. Self-Revelation 3. Mutual Dependency 4. Personality Need Fulfillment- Establish rapport, self-disclose, develop mutual dependency, fulfill needs.- With fulfillment comes more rapport, additional self-disclosure, etc.- Theory can also help to explain how one can “fall out of love”– disconnected, less disclosure, less dependency, less fulfillment, less rapport.- While Reiss's theory is helpful to understand how love develops, it does not discuss how one can experience different types of love in relationships. Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love- Proposes three different components of love:1. Intimacy – emotional connection.2. Passion 3. Commitment - Based on the presence or absence of these different types of love:o Empty love – commitment only.o Companionate love – commitment and intimacy.o Fatuous love – passion and commitment.o Infatuation – passion only.o Romantic love – passion and intimacy.o Liking – intimacy only.o Total/consummate love – all three present – intimacy, passion, commitment. (Sternberg relates that consummate love is easier to achieve than to keep – underscores the importance of maintenance behaviors in relationships) Key Partner Selection Terms- Homogamy/Assortative Partnering – Elements of similarity.- Endogamy – Partner within own social class, race, religion, or language group.- Exogamy – Partnering outside of one's group.o EXAMPLES OF ENDOGAMY/EXOGAMY:- Social class/socioeconomic statuso Location, school attendance, work.o Commonalities- Ageo Double standard of aging.o Marriage gradient – women "partner up" in terms of age, height, education, income, prestige, etc.o Explanations – social learning/socialization;