LINGUIS 101 1st Edition Lecture 2 Speech Sound Basics Consonants Phonetics scientific study of the inventory and structure of the sounds of human language not all sounds humans can make are part of language Articulatory phonetics physiological mechanisms of speech production Acoustic phonetics physical properties of sound waves produced in speech Auditory phonetics perception of sound including what happens in the ear auditory nerve and brain during speech perception These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Airstream mechanism something gets the air moving Usually the lungs pulmonic air is usually moving outwards egressive Sound source moving air begins to make sound when it passes through the larynx Adam s apple Filters articulators in the vocal tract are moved to shape the airflow into distinct sounds We can change the shape of the cavity as the sound comes out and that s what differentiates sounds Muscles on both sides and there are folds of tissue surrounding the muscles and the space in the center is where the air goes through it is called the glottis Voiceless vocal folds pulled apart not vibrating fall sound think Voiced vocal folds close together but not closed vibrating as air passes through them vest zoom then Vocal folds at the top are pressed together so no air can pass through them but at the bottom you can spread them apart just a little bit whispering we don t use this state to distinguish words it is just something you can do Murmur halfway between voiceless and voiced the two folds aren t as close together as they are for voiced but not as far as they are for voiceless the vocal folds are relaxed and floppy they will be moved by the air passing over them Different ways you can shape your mouth after the air gets out of the glottis Sagittal side sections the space the air bounces around it affects the sound Ex if you take the back of your tongue and press it to the roof of your moth there is less room for the air to move around it Articulators can be positioned to create different filter shapes Lips Teeth Tongue Alveolar ridge Palate hard palate Velum soft palate Uvula Pharynx Glottis Different parts of your anatomy that you can move around or touch using some part of your mouth that you can use to create different filters Consonant a high degree ofVowel vocal tract is relatively constriction in vocal tract azure open hot For a consonant your articulators will be closer together for a vowel your articulators will be much further apart basically a difference of constriction in vocal tract Voicing state of the glottis Nasality whether or not air is flowing through the nasal cavity Place of articulation the point of greatest stricture in the vocal tract the place where the channel is narrowest Manner of articulation the degree of stricture how narrow the channel is Voiced vocal folds vibrating zap Voiceless vocal folds not vibrating sap Squiggly line stands for a vibration voiced straight line is voiceless Voiceless voiced Oral Velum raised no airflow through nasal cavity bud Nasal Velum lowered air flows through nasal cavity mud Oral air stays in the mouth nasal air can get into the mouth and oral cavity but there is a little space for it to bounce around in the nose inspect velum in the back to decide Bilabial two lips big Labiodental one lip and the teeth find Interdental tongue through the teeth thick Alveolar tongue and alveolar ridge den Alveopalatal tongue and front of palate shell Palatal tongue and palate yes Velar tongue and velum go Uvular tongue and uvula French R sound Pharyngeal constriction of pharynx some Arabic sounds Glottal vocal folds house English has all of these sounds except uvular and pharyngeal ALVEOLAR TEN VELAR KICK LABIODENTAL FISH INTERDENTAL THINK The air comes up through the glottis and gets most restricted where the tongue is pressing against the alveolar first pic In the second picture the tongue is pressing against the velar and that s where the air gets constricted Stop complete closure in the oral cavity or at the glottis completely stops the airflow till Fricative articulators are very close together producing high degree of stricture but airflow is not stopped Turbulent sound sill Affricate complete closure like a stop but followed by a slow release to fricative position chill Liquid slightly less stricture than a fricative Lateral Sides of tongue are lowered so that air escapes through the side of the mouth rather than the center lied Retroflex tongue is curled back ride Glide extremely low degree of stricture almost like a vowel will How constricted does the oral cavity get do they come completely together or are they a little further apart or further than that Stop Complete closure Fricative Small aperture Find where in the mouth the sound is constricted and then ask if it is a stop or fricative is the channel closed completely or is there a narrow channel Complete closure Looks like a stopped a fricative Learn and memorize this chart followed by slow release Bilabial oral Voiceles Examples s pill sip p nasa l Alveola oral r nasa l Velar oral nasa l Glottal oral Fricatives Labiodental Voiced Examples till light t kill stack k b Bill lobe m mill loam d dill load n nill loan g gill log sing long mitten uh oh kitten Voiceless Examples Voiced Examples f fall off v van cave Interdental thick tooth that bathe Alveolar s set bus z zoom buzz Alveopalatal ship wish measure h hill Glottal Affricates Alveopalatal Voiceless Examples t Voiced Examples Jane wedge chime hitch d Labiovel ar Alveolar lateral l line Ellen retroflex run far flap butter water w well quick how j yes cute high Palatal Liquids and Glides are all voiced t d j